The Financial Regulatory Data Standard (FIRE) defines a common specification for the transmission of granular data between regulatory systems in finance. Regulatory data refers to the data that underlies regulatory submissions, requirements, calculations and is used for policy, monitoring and supervision purposes.
The FIRE data schemas and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License which has been chosen for being open, permissive and already widely accepted within the financial sector (think Hadoop, Cassandra, ActiveMQ).
Included is a random data generator which will generate data in line with the FIRE schema, but not necessarily realistic. (eg. You might get a loan with a balance of 10 but accrued interest of 1 million)
The Financial Regulatory Data Standard (FIRE) defines a common specification for the transmission of granular data between regulatory systems in finance. Regulatory data refers to the data that underlies regulatory submissions, requirements, calculations and is used for policy, monitoring and supervision purposes.
The FIRE data schemas and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License which has been chosen for being open, permissive and already widely accepted within the financial sector (think Hadoop, Cassandra, ActiveMQ).
Included is a random data generator which will generate data in line with the FIRE schema, but not necessarily realistic. (eg. You might get a loan with a balance of 10 but accrued interest of 1 million)
This is an introduction for people new to JSON and Markdown, if you are already familiar with JSON schemas already, move along now, nothing to see here.
Please make sure all property markdown files in documentation/properties/ folder start with the following header:
---
layout: property
title: "name of the data item as it appears in the schemas (ie. lowercase)"
schemas: [a list of schemas where this data_item is used]
---
JSON is short for “Javascript Object Notation” and defines the format for an “object”. An object in programming terms can be a variable, data structure or a function (basically anything). More commonly, in Object-Oriented programming an object typically refers to an Instance of a Class. That is to say, a specific description of something more general. Like a Goat being an instance of the Class “Animal”.
For our purposes, we can just consider JSON to be the data and a JSON-schema to just define the format for that data, ie. what it needs to look like so the computer can understand where things are when it receives it.
A property in JSON notation is a name-value pair and list of properties is what makes up the data in our schemas. What you would normally call a “field” (like interest_rate) is the name of the property and what we might call an attribute is the value of the property.
JSON is just text, so the formatting is purely visual, even the order (see above) does not matter. As things get more complicated however, it is considered best practice to format your JSON to look more human-friendly:
While any data sent/received in JSON format will always look like the above, we need a way to make sure it is what we are expecting. For this we define a JSON-Schema which basically describes what the JSON formatted data should look like.
What if we want to add a little more information to describe our property? This is where the “description” parameter comes in. We add some curly brackets where the “value” is supposed to be and add a description as so:
{"name": {"description": "A little blurb about this property"} }
or
{
"name": {
"description": "A little blurb about this property"
}
}
Now that we have described our property value, let’s go a step further and narrow it down to a specific type. Is it a number, a word, a list? The “type” parameter allows us to specify exactly this. So now our schema would look something like this:
{
"name": {
"description": "A little blurb about this property",
"type": "number"
}
}
JSON has 7 standard types that we can use:
A null value means the value is unknown. Note that this is different from an empty or zero field. If the field is empty, undefined or does not exist, then it can simply be omitted (unless it is indicated as being “required” in which case you should provide a suitable default value).
An integer is a number without a fraction or exponent part.
ex 1. 4
ex 2. 26908289076124561671021
A number is a number with or without a fraction or exponent part.
ex 1. 26908289076124561671021
ex 2. 269082.89076124561671021
A string is a list of characters (except “ or \ ) inside “quotes”. You can think of a string as a word. Note that the “word” can also contain numbers (like your national insurance number). But also note that numbers represented as strings need to be converted back to numbers if you want to add or multiply them.
ex 1. “sheep”
ex 2. “AS546NB8”
A boolean is simple true or false flag. Note that the true/false flag is lowercase and not inside “quotes”.
ex 1. true
ex 2. false
If you were wondering, the word boolean comes from a founding father of modern logic, the English mathematician George Boole.
An array is a list of the other types, separated by commas and inside square brackets [ ].
ex 1. [2, 235, 34634, 34]
ex 2. [“sheep”, “sheep_dog”, “fox”]
An object is a JSON object, or in other words, the thing we are defining. So this allows for nesting of objects within objects. This is valid JSON, but adds time and complexity in the decoding/parsing process so generally should be avoided.
Once we have given a description, a type and maybe a format for our property value we can implement some sanity checks by applying further restrictions.
Restrictions can come in the form of visual presentation like formats or enums, or they can come in the form of simple quantitative sanity-checks. Both are extremely useful to narrow down the possibilities of what might be considered as “valid data” according to the schema. These restrictions not only ensure that bad data is caught at the most granular level, but it also ensures that common semantics are used to define the same thing. It is the first step towards a harmonised standard. In other words, if a loan currency is US Dollar, let’s agree to call it “USD” instead of “US_Dollar”, “dollar-USA”, “011” or “$US.”
Restrictions can be difficult to implement as you need to consider all potential edge cases. Account balances are generally positive but sometimes can be negative, too. Leveraging widely used ISO or IFRS standards are therefore a great way to ensure you have considered the full spectrum of possible values. It also means that, more often than not, firms will already be familiar with and recording data in line with these standards.
How would you represent a date value like 31 August 2014?
We could make use of a string type: “31 August 2014” but then “Aug 31 2014” would also be valid and we would have trouble ordering our data by date.
We could accept an integer type: 31082014 but then 1235 would also be a valid integer. And even if we restricted it to 8-digits, we would have to remember to make sure single digit months have a leading zeros and still this doesn’t tell us if it is 31 August 2014 or 14 February 8013.
You get the idea, sometimes we need more information. This is where the format parameter comes in.
The following is the list of the formats specified in the JSON Schema specification:
“uri”: A universal resource identifier (URI), according to RFC3986.
The one we use most commonly from this is the “date-time” format and it basically means your dates and timestamps need to be a valid string but also look like this: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
So for our example, if this is your schema:
{"animal_birthday": {
"description": "The recorded birthday for the animal.",
"type": "string",
"format": "date-time"
}
}
enum is short for enumeration which is short for “a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection.” All that means is a list (an array) of possible values our value can have. Enums are typically used with string types to limit the range of possible strings that are considered valid for a property value.
Again, it is important to consider edge cases and hence where relevant, it is advisable to leave an “other” or “none” value so that and edge case can be temporarily mapped to a generic parameter. Particularly, in the case of an open source project, you can envisage enum lists getting longer as the schemas evolve through contributions.
So for example, if this is your schema:
{"animal_type": {
"description": "The type of animal on the farm.",
"type": "string",
"enum": ["sheep", "goat", "cow", "other"]
}
}
No. The FIRE Data Format is designed to define the format and definition for the transmission of data rather than the storage of that data. Financial data as a whole does lend itself naturally to a relational data model, but depending on the use-case, FIRE data might be better stored in a non-relational, graph or denormalised form.
There are a few reasons for separating data into “normalised” components:
To reduce redundant information and the amount of data going down the wire. If you are transmitting information on customers and products, doing so in multiple schemas will be less data than having customer information repeated as additional fields in every product schema.
To remove possibility for errors and inconsistencies in data. Again, if we had customer information fields in our loan schema you could get two loans with the same customer_id but different credit_impaired statuses.
By segregating schemas, it also allows entities (like customers or collateral) to be added independently (without a loan, for example). It also allows for transmitting of product data without customer data which can be particularly useful where data protection and security concerns might exist for different confidentiality levels of data.
When adding an attribute to a schema the attribute should be well defined in terms of data type (i.e. integer, string, enum etc.) and the attribute should respect the guiding principles.
For every new attribute there should be a corresponding documentation file.
There should always be a justification and description in the pull request. This should indicate why the attribute should be in the project and/or why this contribution is important.
All files must be valid, i.e. schema files are valid JSON and documentation is in Markdown format.
FIRE should be easy to read, understand and explain for non-technical users. The reason for this is that (like any data specification for a complex, regulated industry) FIRE contains a great deal of embedded subject matter expertise needs to be evaluated and updated by specialists in finance, regulatory policy, accounting and law. Similarly, as FIRE will be implemented and used by developers, who may not necessarily have the same level of subject matter expertise, it should not require a great deal of financial or regulatory knowledge to understand the general concepts for use.
FIRE should be easy to implement and should require drastic and fundamental changes to how financial institutions identify, conceptualize, create, store and manage their data. This is why the schemas attributes will look familiar to those associated with traditional relational tables and financial data models. Despite a relational look and feel, as JSON objects, FIRE data can be easily used with NoSQL or Graph databases.
This should be a given but is unfortunately not very common in the financial industry as enterprise software vendors are keen to create lock-in to their systems and platforms with closed and proprietary data models and formats. As such, FIRE carries an open-source Apache 2.0 License and is publicly accessible on Github for easy integration with other IT systems.
The FIRE Data schema specifications should respect the following 3 schema design principles. Note that the terms data attributes and schema properties are interchangeably used.
Schema properties (data attributes) should be self-evident truths and not depend on the application for which they will be used. In the same way that your date of birth doesn’t change depending on who’s asking, properties should follow the same philosophy. Practically, this means data should not be dependent on the intended computation, visualisation, report or application. Data should simply represent a labelling of a contract or entity based on purely legal definitions. As such, every pull request requires a corresponding, documented, legal reference, preferably to a currently in-force financial regulation.
Schema properties should uniquely describe the data. Properties should be fundamental, atomic units of measurement. One property should not be derivable from other properties. Similar to the “flags” problem, schema properties should not have embedded logic. This was often done with legacy systems for performance reasons when databases were fast, CPUs slow and memory expensive, but today, most applications are I/O bound. You may still choose to store secondary or derived data, but this is the concern of the application and its specific goals rather than the underlying fundamental data.
eg. It would be unwise to have a loan balance in original currency and USD. This inevitably leads to data of the form:
balance
original ccy
in USD
100
EUR
120
100
USD
90
100
EUR
130
Can you spot the problem?
Better is to just have an original currency and an exchange rate.
Schema properties should try to avoid logical inconsistencies. In other words, one schema property should not contradict another. This is a common occurrence in legacy systems where schemas were updated without a big picture consideration. This typically manifests itself in the form of flags
eg. There should not be a security type titled “government_bond” and a “issuer-type-is-government” flag.
This might seem ok:
security type
issuer-type-is-govt
government_bond
Y
This has the potential to create contradictory data of the nature:
security type
issuer-type-is-govt
government_bond
N
Better would be:
security type
issuer-type-is-govt
bond
Y
Even better would be:
security type
issuer type
bond
government
Why? Because flags are limiting and can still lead to inconsistencies:
security type
issuer-type-is-govt
issuer-type-is-retail
bond
Y
Y
layout
title
readme
FIRE data examples
The following are a few examples of common financial trades.
Reverse repo transaction with a cash leg of 150 GBP, and a security leg of 140
GBP, starting on June 1st, 2021 and ending on July 1st, 2021. The maturity date
on the security leg refers to the maturity of the bond received as collateral.
Repo transaction with a cash leg of 150 GBP, and a security leg of 140
GBP, starting on June 1st, 2021 and ending on July 1st, 2021. The maturity date
on the security leg refers to the maturity of the bond posted as collateral.
An Account represents a financial account that describes the funds that a customer has entrusted to a financial institution in the form of deposits or credit balances.
The accrued interest since the last payment date and due at the next payment date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
arrears_balance
The balance of the capital amount that is considered to be in arrears (for overdrafts/credit cards). Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
asset_liability
Is the data an asset, a liability, or equity on the firm’s balance sheet?
string
asset, equity, liability, pnl,
balance
The contractual balance on the date and in the currency given. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
base_rate
The base rate represents the basis of the rate on the balance at the given date as agreed in the terms of the account.
string
FDTR, UKBRBASE, ZERO,
behavioral_curve_id
The unique identifier for the behavioral curve used by the financial institution.
string
-
behavioral_end_date
Behavioral end date (as opposed to contractual). YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
break_dates
Dates where this contract can be broken (by either party). Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
array
-
call_dates
Dates where this contract can be called (by the customer). Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
array
-
capital_tier
The capital tiers based on own funds requirements.
The EAD field allows users to input monetary exposure-at-default values across the loan’s lifecycle. Upon default, this field must be updated to reflect the final realised EAD value — that is, the actual exposure outstanding at the moment of default.
integer
-
ead_irb_ec
The expected gross dollar exposure for each facility upon a borrower’s default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
integer
-
economic_loss
The definition of loss, used in estimating Loss Given Default for the reporting segment. When measuring economic loss, as opposed to accounting loss
integer
-
encumbrance_amount
The amount of the account that is encumbered by potential future commitments or legal liabilities. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
encumbrance_type
The type of the encumbrance causing the encumbrance_amount.
string
covered_bond, derivative, none, other, repo,
end_date
The end or maturity date of the account. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
facility_id
The code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
first_arrears_date
The first date on which this account was in arrears.
string
-
first_payment_date
The first payment date for interest payments.
string
-
forbearance_date
The date on which the first forbearance measure was granted to this product. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
fraud_loss
The total value of accounting losses incurred by the Financial Institution due to fraudulent activities within the reporting segment.
integer
-
frr_id
The internal facility risk rating assigned to a facility based on its specific risk characteristics, including collateral and seniority.
string
-
fvh_level
Fair value hierarchy category according to IFRS 13.93 (b)
integer
-
guarantee_amount
The amount of the account that is guaranteed under a Government Deposit Guarantee Scheme. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
guarantee_scheme
The Government Deposit Scheme scheme under which the guarantee_amount is guaranteed.
The last date on which a drawdown was made on this account (overdraft).
string
-
last_payment_date
The final payment date for interest payments, often coincides with end_date.
string
-
last_recovery_date
Date of most recent recovery in the reporting quarter.
string
-
last_write_off_date
Date of Financial Institution’s most recent Write Off in the reporting quarter.
string
-
ledger_code
The internal ledger code or line item name.
string
-
lgd_floored
The final LGD value after the relevant floors have been applied. To be used in the IRB RWA calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb_ec
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
limit_amount
The minimum balance the customer can go overdrawn in their account.
integer
-
minimum_balance
Indicates the minimum balance of each account within the aggregate. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
minimum_balance_eur
Indicates the minimum balance, in Euros, of each account within the aggregate. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_deposits
Month to date amount deposited within the account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_interest_paid
Month to date interest added to account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_withdrawals
Month to date amount withdrawn from the account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
next_payment_date
The next date at which interest will be paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
next_repricing_date
The date on which the interest rate of the account will be re-calculated. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
next_withdrawal_date
The next date at which customer is allowed to withdraw money from this account.
string
-
on_balance_sheet
Is the account or deposit reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
boolean
-
orig_credit_score
The credit score of the customer at origination of the product using a commercially available credit bureau score.
integer
-
parent_facility_id
The parent code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
prev_payment_date
The most recent previous date at which interest was paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
product_name
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
purpose
The purpose for which the account was created or is being used.
The full interest rate applied to the account balance in percentage terms. Note that this therefore includes the base_rate (ie. not the spread).
number
-
rate_type
Describes the type of interest rate applied to the account.
string
combined, fixed, preferential, tracker, variable,
regulatory_book
The type of portfolio in which the instrument is held.
string
banking_book, trading_book,
reporting_entity_name
The name of the reporting legal entity for display purposes.
string
-
reporting_id
The internal ID for the legal entity under which the account is being reported.
string
-
resolution_date
Date of resolution of the defaulted facility.
string
-
review_date
The currently scheduled review date for Counterparty exposure. This date should be set in the future. Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
risk_country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
start_date
The timestamp that the trade or financial product commences. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
status
Describes if the Account is active or been cancelled.
Funding type calculated according to BIPRU 12.5/12.6
string
a, b,
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
string
-
withdrawal_penalty
This is the penalty incurred by the customer for an early withdrawal on this account. An early withdrawal is defined as a withdrawal prior to the next_withdrawal_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
An Account represents a financial account that describes the funds that a customer has entrusted to a financial institution in the form of deposits or credit balances.
The accrued interest since the last payment date and due at the next payment date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
arrears_balance
The balance of the capital amount that is considered to be in arrears (for overdrafts/credit cards). Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
asset_liability
Is the data an asset, a liability, or equity on the firm’s balance sheet?
string
asset, equity, liability, pnl,
balance
The contractual balance on the date and in the currency given. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
base_rate
The base rate represents the basis of the rate on the balance at the given date as agreed in the terms of the account.
string
FDTR, UKBRBASE, ZERO,
behavioral_curve_id
The unique identifier for the behavioral curve used by the financial institution.
string
-
behavioral_end_date
Behavioral end date (as opposed to contractual). YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
break_dates
Dates where this contract can be broken (by either party). Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
array
-
call_dates
Dates where this contract can be called (by the customer). Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
array
-
capital_tier
The capital tiers based on own funds requirements.
The EAD field allows users to input monetary exposure-at-default values across the loan’s lifecycle. Upon default, this field must be updated to reflect the final realised EAD value — that is, the actual exposure outstanding at the moment of default.
integer
-
ead_irb_ec
The expected gross dollar exposure for each facility upon a borrower’s default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
integer
-
economic_loss
The definition of loss, used in estimating Loss Given Default for the reporting segment. When measuring economic loss, as opposed to accounting loss
integer
-
encumbrance_amount
The amount of the account that is encumbered by potential future commitments or legal liabilities. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
encumbrance_type
The type of the encumbrance causing the encumbrance_amount.
string
covered_bond, derivative, none, other, repo,
end_date
The end or maturity date of the account. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
facility_id
The code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
first_arrears_date
The first date on which this account was in arrears.
string
-
first_payment_date
The first payment date for interest payments.
string
-
forbearance_date
The date on which the first forbearance measure was granted to this product. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
fraud_loss
The total value of accounting losses incurred by the Financial Institution due to fraudulent activities within the reporting segment.
integer
-
frr_id
The internal facility risk rating assigned to a facility based on its specific risk characteristics, including collateral and seniority.
string
-
fvh_level
Fair value hierarchy category according to IFRS 13.93 (b)
integer
-
guarantee_amount
The amount of the account that is guaranteed under a Government Deposit Guarantee Scheme. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
guarantee_scheme
The Government Deposit Scheme scheme under which the guarantee_amount is guaranteed.
The last date on which a drawdown was made on this account (overdraft).
string
-
last_payment_date
The final payment date for interest payments, often coincides with end_date.
string
-
last_recovery_date
Date of most recent recovery in the reporting quarter.
string
-
last_write_off_date
Date of Financial Institution’s most recent Write Off in the reporting quarter.
string
-
ledger_code
The internal ledger code or line item name.
string
-
lgd_floored
The final LGD value after the relevant floors have been applied. To be used in the IRB RWA calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb_ec
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
limit_amount
The minimum balance the customer can go overdrawn in their account.
integer
-
minimum_balance
Indicates the minimum balance of each account within the aggregate. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
minimum_balance_eur
Indicates the minimum balance, in Euros, of each account within the aggregate. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_deposits
Month to date amount deposited within the account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_interest_paid
Month to date interest added to account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtd_withdrawals
Month to date amount withdrawn from the account as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
next_payment_date
The next date at which interest will be paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
next_repricing_date
The date on which the interest rate of the account will be re-calculated. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
next_withdrawal_date
The next date at which customer is allowed to withdraw money from this account.
string
-
on_balance_sheet
Is the account or deposit reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
boolean
-
orig_credit_score
The credit score of the customer at origination of the product using a commercially available credit bureau score.
integer
-
parent_facility_id
The parent code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
prev_payment_date
The most recent previous date at which interest was paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
product_name
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
purpose
The purpose for which the account was created or is being used.
The full interest rate applied to the account balance in percentage terms. Note that this therefore includes the base_rate (ie. not the spread).
number
-
rate_type
Describes the type of interest rate applied to the account.
string
combined, fixed, preferential, tracker, variable,
regulatory_book
The type of portfolio in which the instrument is held.
string
banking_book, trading_book,
reporting_entity_name
The name of the reporting legal entity for display purposes.
string
-
reporting_id
The internal ID for the legal entity under which the account is being reported.
string
-
resolution_date
Date of resolution of the defaulted facility.
string
-
review_date
The currently scheduled review date for Counterparty exposure. This date should be set in the future. Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
risk_country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
start_date
The timestamp that the trade or financial product commences. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
status
Describes if the Account is active or been cancelled.
Funding type calculated according to BIPRU 12.5/12.6
string
a, b,
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
string
-
withdrawal_penalty
This is the penalty incurred by the customer for an early withdrawal on this account. An early withdrawal is defined as a withdrawal prior to the next_withdrawal_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
The page of the report that this adjustment relates to.
string
-
report_type
The report that this adjustment relates to.
string
-
reporting_entity_name
The name of the reporting legal entity for display purposes.
string
-
row
The row of the report that this adjustment relates to.
string
-
source
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the counterparty to this agreement.
string
-
guarantor_id
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the guarantor of the transactions covered by this agreement.
string
-
margin_frequency
Indicates the periodic timescale at which variation margin is exchanged. Cleared derivatives which are daily settled can be flagged as daily_settled.
string
daily, daily_settled, weekly, bi_weekly, monthly,
margin_period_of_risk
Margin period of risk estimated for the transactions covered by the [CSA] agreement
integer
-
minimum_transfer_amount
Smallest amount of collateral that can be transferred. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
netting_restriction
populated only if any netting restriction applies, in relation to the nature of the agreement or the enforceability of netting in the jurisdiction of the counterparty, preventing the recognition of the agreement as risk-reducing, pursuant to CRR Articles 295 to 298
The amount of the collateral that is encumbered by potential future commitments or legal liabilities. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
encumbrance_type
The type of the encumbrance causing the encumbrance_amount.
The unique identifiers for the loans within the financial institution.
array
-
orig_value
The valuation as used by the bank for the collateral at the origination of the related loan or line of credit. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
postal_code
The zip code in which the property is located. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14M for more information.
string
-
regulatory_book
The type of portfolio in which the instrument is held.
string
banking_book, trading_book,
security_id
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the security representing collateral.
string
-
source
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
start_date
The start date for recognition of the collateral
string
-
street_address
The street address associated with the property. Must include street direction prefixes, direction suffixes, and unit number for condos and co-ops. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14M for more information.
string
-
type
The collateral type defines the form of the collateral provided
The valuation as used by the bank for the collateral on the value_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
value_date
The timestamp that the collateral was valued. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
string
-
vol_adj
The volatility adjustment appropriate to the collateral.
number
-
vol_adj_fx
The volatility adjustment appropriate to currency mismatch.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
type
The curve type.
string
behavioral, rate, risk_rating, volatility,
values
The list of values for this curve.
array
-
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
The ID of the curve containing historical Borrower Internal Risk Ratings (BIRR) for this entity. The curve must be of type ‘risk_rating’.
string
-
birr_id
The unique identifier of the Borrower Internal Risk Rating (BIRR), representing an internally assigned risk assessment for a customer based on their creditworthiness and financial stability.
string
-
boe_industry_code
Bank of England industry code.
string
-
boe_sector_code
Bank of England sector code.
string
-
count
Describes the number of entities represented by this record. eg. joint customers should have a count > 1.
integer
-
country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The LEI code for the legal entity (for corporates).
string
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
North American Industry Classification System - NAICS Code
integer
-
name
The name of the person or legal entity to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
national_reporting_code
Unique identifier established by the national reporting system
string
-
parent_id
The unique identifier for the ultimate parent of the person or legal entity.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
postal_code
The post (zip) code in which the entity is domiciled.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
ssic_code
The Singaporean standard industry and sector classification.
integer
-
total_assets
The annual balance sheet total of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
turnover
The annual turnover of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
type
The designated financial or legal entity category this person or legal entity falls under
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
string
-
annual_debit_turnover
The annual debit turnover in the business account of the entity. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
clearing_threshold
Status of the clearing threshold as defined in EMIR
string
above, below,
df_ccp
The pre-funded financial resources of the CCP in accordance with Article 50c of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
integer
-
df_cm
The sum of pre-funded contributions of all clearing members of the QCCP in accordance with Article 50c of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012.
integer
-
incurred_cva
The amount of credit valuation adjustments being recognised by the institution as an incurred write-down, calculated without taking into account any offsetting debit value adjustment attributed to the firm’s own credit risk, that has been already excluded from own funds.
integer
-
k_ccp
Hypothetical capital of the QCCP in accordance with Article 50c of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
integer
-
mic_code
The market identifier code as defined by the International Standards Organisation.
string
-
product_count
The number of active products/trades this customer has with the firm.
integer
-
risk_profile
The evaluation of the customer’s willingness and/or capacity to take on financial risk.
integer
-
start_date
The date that the customer first became a customer. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
status
The status of the relationship with the customer from the firm’s point of view.
The accrued interest since the last payment date and due at the next payment date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the customer for this product.
string
-
deal_id
The unique identifier used by the financial institution for the deal to which this derivative belongs.
string
-
delta
Price sensitivity to the underlying.
number
-
end_date
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
first_payment_date
The first payment date for interest payments.
string
-
frr_id
The internal risk rating assigned to a facility based on its specific risk characteristics, including collateral and seniority.
string
-
fvh_level
Fair value hierarchy category according to IFRS 13.93 (b)
integer
-
gamma
Second-order price sensitivity to the underlying or rate of change of the delta.
number
-
hedge_designation
ASU 2017-12 hedge designations allowed in conjunction with partial-term hedging election in ASC 815-20-25-12b(2)(ii). These designations are described in ASC 815-20-25-12A and 815-25-35-13B.
The type of hedge (fair value or cash flow hedge) associated with the holding. Whether it is hedging individually or is hedging as part of a portfolio of assets with similar risk that are hedged as a group in line with ASC 815-20-25-12 (b), ASC 815-20-2512A, or ASC 815-10-25-15.
The type of cash flow associated with the hedge if it is a cash flow hedge. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
The final LGD value after the relevant floors have been applied. To be used in the IRB RWA calculations.
| number | -
lgd_irb |
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
| number | -
mic_code |
The market identifier code as defined by the International Standards Organisation.
| string | -
mna_id |
The unique identifier of the Master Netting Agreement for this derivative
| string | -
mtm_clean |
The mark-to-market value of the derivative excluding interest. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
| integer | -
mtm_dirty |
The mark-to-market value of the derivative including interest. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
| integer | -
next_exercise_date |
The next date at which the option can be exercised.
| string | -
next_payment_amount |
The amount that will need to be paid at the next_payment_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
| integer | -
next_payment_date |
The next date at which interest will be paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
| string | -
next_receive_amount |
The amount that is expected to be received at the next_receive_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
| integer | -
next_receive_date |
The next date at which interest will be received or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
| string | -
next_reset_date |
The date on which the periodic payment term and conditions of a contract agreement are reset/re-established.
| string | -
notional_amount |
The notional value is the total value with regard to a derivative’s underlying index, security or asset at its spot price in accordance with the specifications (i.e. leverage) of the derivative product. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
| integer | -
on_balance_sheet |
Is the derivative reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
| boolean | -
pd_irb |
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
| number | -
position |
Specifies the market position, i.e. long or short, of the derivative leg
| string |
long, short,
prev_payment_date |
The most recent previous date at which interest was paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
| string | -
product_name |
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
| string | -
purpose |
The purpose for which the derivative is being held.
The internal risk weight represented as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
| number | -
risk_weight_std |
The standardised approach risk weight represented as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
| number | -
settlement_type |
The type of settlement for the contract.
| string |
cash, physical,
source |
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
| string | -
start_date |
Contract effective or commencement date; security issue date. Format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
| string | -
status |
Provides additional information regarding the status of the derivative.
| string |
free_deliveries, unsettled,
strike |
Strike price of the option, which is compared to the underlying price on the option exercise date.
| number | -
supervisory_price |
Current price/value of the underlying of an option when different from underlying_price, e.g. for Asian-style options.
| number | -
theta |
Price sensitivity with respect to time.
| number | -
trade_date |
The timestamp that the trade or financial product terms are agreed. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
| string | -
type |
This is the type of the derivative with regards to common regulatory classifications.
Is the data an asset, a liability, or equity on the firm’s balance sheet?
string
asset, equity, liability, pnl,
balance
The contractual balance due on the payment date in the currency given. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
csa_id
The unique identifier of the credit support annex for this derivative cash flow
string
-
currency_code
Currency in accordance with ISO 4217 standards plus CNH for practical considerations.
Unique identifier to the derivative to which this cash flow relates
string
-
forward_rate
Rate used to set a variable cash flow on the reset_date
number
-
leg
The type of the payment leg.
string
pay, receive,
mna_id
The unique identifier of the Master Netting Agreement for this derivative cash flow.
string
-
mtm_clean
The mark-to-market value of the derivative cash flow excluding interest/premium/coupons. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtm_dirty
The mark-to-market value of the derivative cash flow including interest/premium/coupons. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
notional_amount
The notional value is the total value with regard to a derivative’s underlying index, security or asset at its spot price in accordance with the specifications (i.e. leverage) of the derivative product. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
on_balance_sheet
Is the financial product reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
boolean
-
payment_date
The timestamp that the cash flow will occur or was paid. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
product_name
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
purpose
The purpose for which the derivative cash flow is calculated
string
interest, principal, reference,
regulatory_book
The type of portfolio in which the instrument is held.
string
banking_book, trading_book,
reporting_entity_name
The name of the reporting legal entity for display purposes.
string
-
reporting_id
The internal ID for the legal entity under which the account is being reported.
string
-
reset_date
Date on which a variable cash flow amount is set. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
settlement_type
The type of settlement for the contract.
string
cash, physical,
source
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
trade_date
The date that the derivative cash flow terms were agreed. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
value_date
The timestamp that the cash flow was valued. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
The ID of the curve containing historical Borrower Internal Risk Ratings (BIRR) for this entity. The curve must be of type ‘risk_rating’.
string
-
birr_id
The unique identifier of the Borrower Internal Risk Rating (BIRR), representing an internally assigned risk assessment for a customer based on their creditworthiness and financial stability.
string
-
boe_industry_code
Bank of England industry code.
string
-
boe_sector_code
Bank of England sector code.
string
-
count
Describes the number of entities represented by this record. eg. joint customers should have a count > 1.
integer
-
country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The LEI code for the legal entity (for corporates).
string
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
North American Industry Classification System - NAICS Code
integer
-
name
The name of the person or legal entity to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
national_reporting_code
Unique identifier established by the national reporting system
string
-
parent_id
The unique identifier for the ultimate parent of the person or legal entity.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
postal_code
The post (zip) code in which the entity is domiciled.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
ssic_code
The Singaporean standard industry and sector classification.
integer
-
total_assets
The annual balance sheet total of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
turnover
The annual turnover of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
type
The designated financial or legal entity category this person or legal entity falls under
The ID of the curve containing historical Borrower Internal Risk Ratings (BIRR) for this entity. The curve must be of type ‘risk_rating’.
string
-
birr_id
The unique identifier of the Borrower Internal Risk Rating (BIRR), representing an internally assigned risk assessment for a customer based on their creditworthiness and financial stability.
string
-
boe_industry_code
Bank of England industry code.
string
-
boe_sector_code
Bank of England sector code.
string
-
count
Describes the number of entities represented by this record. eg. joint customers should have a count > 1.
integer
-
country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The LEI code for the legal entity (for corporates).
string
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
North American Industry Classification System - NAICS Code
integer
-
name
The name of the person or legal entity to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
national_reporting_code
Unique identifier established by the national reporting system
string
-
parent_id
The unique identifier for the ultimate parent of the person or legal entity.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
postal_code
The post (zip) code in which the entity is domiciled.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
ssic_code
The Singaporean standard industry and sector classification.
integer
-
total_assets
The annual balance sheet total of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
turnover
The annual turnover of the entity as at the last accounting reference date.
integer
-
type
The designated financial or legal entity category this person or legal entity falls under
The balance of the loan or capital amount that is considered to be in arrears. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
asset_liability
Is the data an asset, a liability, or equity on the firm’s balance sheet?
string
asset, equity, liability, pnl,
balance
The balance of the loan or capital still to be repaid. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
base_rate
The base rate represents the basis of the repayment rate on the borrowed funds at the given date as agreed in the terms of the loan.
Identifier used for linking this product as part of a larger deal. e.g. Two components of a single loan or matching a securitisation with it’s underlying loan.
string
-
default_date
Date of default.
string
-
deferred_fees
Deferred fees are deferred payments subject to prepayment risk and not included in the balance.
integer
-
ead
The EAD field allows users to input monetary exposure-at-default values across the loan’s lifecycle. Upon default, this field must be updated to reflect the final realised EAD value — that is, the actual exposure outstanding at the moment of default.
integer
-
ead_irb_ec
The expected gross dollar exposure for each facility upon a borrower’s default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
integer
-
economic_loss
The definition of loss, used in estimating Loss Given Default for the reporting segment. When measuring economic loss, as opposed to accounting loss
integer
-
el_irb
The best estimate of expected loss when in default.
number
-
encumbrance_amount
The amount of the loan that is encumbered by potential future commitments or legal liabilities. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
encumbrance_end_date
Date encumbrance amount goes to zero. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
encumbrance_type
The type of the encumbrance causing the encumbrance_amount.
string
abs, cb_funding, covered_bond,
end_date
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
facility_currency_code
Currency in accordance with ISO 4217 standards plus CNH for practical considerations.
The code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
fees
The fees associated with the loan.
integer
-
first_arrears_date
The first date on which this loan was in arrears.
string
-
first_payment_date
The first payment date for interest payments.
string
-
forbearance_date
The date on which the first forbearance measure was granted to this product. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
fraud_loss
The total value of accounting losses incurred by the Financial Institution due to fraudulent activities within the reporting segment.
integer
-
frr_id
The internal facility risk rating assigned to a facility based on its specific risk characteristics, including collateral and seniority.
string
-
fvh_level
Fair value hierarchy category according to IFRS 13.93 (b)
integer
-
guarantee_amount
The amount of the loan that is guaranteed by the guarantor. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
guarantor_id
The unique identifier for the guarantor of the loan.
string
-
impairment_amount
The impairment amount for a loan is the allowance for loan impairments set aside by the firm that accounts for the event that the loan becomes impaired in the future.
integer
-
impairment_date
The date upon which the product became considered impaired. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
impairment_status
The recognition stage for the impairment/expected credit loss of the product.
The last date on which a drawdown was made on this loan
string
-
last_payment_date
The final payment date for interest payments, often coincides with end_date.
string
-
last_recovery_date
Date of most recent recovery in the reporting quarter.
string
-
last_write_off_date
Date of Financial Institution’s most recent Write Off in the reporting quarter.
string
-
ledger_code
The internal ledger code or line item name.
string
-
lgd_downturn
The loss given default in the event of an economic downturn. Percentage between 0 and 1.
number
-
lgd_floored
The final LGD value after the relevant floors have been applied. To be used in the IRB RWA calculations
number
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb_ec
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
limit_amount
The total credit limit on the loan. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
lnrf_amount
The total amount of non-recourse funding linked to the loan. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
minimum_balance
Indicates the minimum balance of each loan within the aggregate.
integer
-
minimum_balance_eur
Indicates the minimum balance, in Euros, of each loan within the aggregate.
integer
-
movement
The movement parameter describes how the loan arrived to the firm.
The next date at which interest will be paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
next_repricing_date
The date on which the interest rate of the loan will be re-calculated. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
notional_amount
The original notional amount of the loan. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
on_balance_sheet
Is the loan reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
boolean
-
orig_credit_score
The credit score of the customer at origination of the product using a commercially available credit bureau score.
integer
-
orig_limit_amount
The original line of credit amount that was granted at the origination of the facility
integer
-
orig_notional
The notional of the loan at origination.
integer
-
originator_id
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the originator of the loan product.
string
-
originator_type
The type of financial institution that acted as the originator of the loan product.
string
mortgage_lender, other, spv,
parent_facility_id
The parent code assigned by the financial institution to identify a facility.
string
-
participation_int
For participated or syndicated credit facilities that have closed and settled, the percentage of the total loan commitment held by the reporting entity. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
number
-
participation_type
For participated or syndicated credit facilities that have closed and settled, indicates the type of participation in the loan. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
The probability of default as determined by internal rating-based methods. Percentage between 0 and 1.
number
-
pd_irb_ec
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
number
-
pd_retail_irb
The retail probability of default as determined by internal rating-based methods. Percentage between 0 and 1.
number
-
prev_payment_date
The most recent previous date at which interest was paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
product_name
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
string
-
provision_amount
The amount of reserves that is provisioned by the financial institution to cover the potential loss on the loan. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
provision_type
The provision type parameter details the provisions the issuing firm has allocated to cover potential losses from issuing a loan.
string
none, other,
purpose
The underlying reason the borrower has requested the loan.
The full interest rate applied to the loan balance. Note that for tracker rates this includes the benchmark (ie. not the credit spread). Percentages represented as a decimal/float, so 1.5 implies 1.5%.
number
-
rate_type
Describes the type of interest rate applied to the loan.
string
combined, fixed, tracker, variable,
ref_income_amount
The reference income used for the customer(s) for this loan. Monetary type represented as an integer number of cents/pence.
integer
-
regulated
Is this loan regulated or unregulated?
boolean
-
regulatory_book
The type of portfolio in which the instrument is held.
The timestamp that indicates the end of an initial period where the ‘rate’ is applied to a loan. After this the interest is calculated using the ‘reversion_rate’. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
reversion_rate
The rate to which the loan will revert after the reversion date. Percentages represented as a decimal/float, so 1.5 implies 1.5%.
number
-
review_date
The currently scheduled review date for Counterparty exposure. This date should be set in the future. Formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
risk_country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
start_date
The timestamp that the trade or financial product commences. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
status
Describes if the loan is active or been cancelled.
The unique identifier for the affected loan/s within the financial institution.
string
-
payment_date
The timestamp that the cash flow will occur or was paid. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
source
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
type
The type of the payment, signifying whether interest or principal is being paid.
string
interest, principal,
version_id
The version identifier of the data such as the firm’s internal batch identifier.
The unique identifier for the affected loan/s within the financial institution.
string
-
source
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the deal for this product that links it to other products of the same or different type.
string
-
description
A more user-friendly description of the security.
string
-
detachment_point
The threshold at which losses within the pool of underlying exposures would result in a complete loss of principal for the tranche containing the relevant securitisation position.
number
-
distribution_type
The instrument’s coupon/dividend distribution type, such as cumulative or noncumulative. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
string
cumulative, non_cumulative,
encumbrance_amount
The amount of the security that is encumbered by potential future commitments or legal liabilities such as within a repo pool. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
The date on which the first forbearance measure was granted to this product. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
frr_id
The internal facility risk rating assigned to a facility based on its specific risk characteristics, including collateral and seniority.
string
-
fvh_level
Fair value hierarchy category according to IFRS 13.93 (b)
integer
-
guarantee_start_date
The first day the security became guaranteed by the guarantor. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
guarantor_id
The unique identifier for the guarantor within the financial institution.
string
-
hedged_percentage
In the case of a designated fair value hedge, the portion of the asset being hedged, as determined according to ASC 815-20-25-12 (b) and ASC 815-20-25-12A.
number
-
hqla_class
What is the HQLA classification of this security?
string
exclude, i, i_non_op, iia, iia_non_op, iib, iib_non_op, ineligible, ineligible_non_op,
impairment_amount
The impairment amount for a security is the allowance set aside by the firm for losses.
integer
-
impairment_date
The date upon which the product became considered impaired. Format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601
string
-
impairment_status
The recognition stage for the impairment/expected credit loss of the product.
The unique International Securities Identification Number for the security according to ISO 6166.
string
-
issuance_type
Indicates the type of placement for issuances. For example, private placements, other non-publicly offered securites, publicly offered securities or direct purchase municipal securities. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
The final payment date for interest payments, often coincides with end_date or the maturity date
string
-
ledger_code
The internal ledger code or line item name.
string
-
lgd_floored
The final LGD value after the relevant floors have been applied. To be used in the IRB RWA calculations.
number
-
lgd_irb
The loss given default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
maturity_date
The date on which the principal repayment of the security is due. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
mic_code
The market identifier code as defined by the International Standards Organisation.
string
-
mna_id
The unique identifier of the Master Netting Agreement this security falls under. Typically where used as derivatives collateral.
The movement parameter describes how the security arrived to the firm.
string
asset, cash, cb_omo, debt_issue, issuance, other,
mtm_clean
The mark-to-market value of the security excluding interest. Monetary number of cents/pence.
integer
-
mtm_dirty
The mark-to-market value of the security including interest. Monetary number of cents/pence.
integer
-
next_payment_date
The next date at which interest will be paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
next_repricing_date
The date on which the interest rate of the security will be re-calculated. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
notional_amount
The notional value is the total amount of a security’s underlying asset at its spot price. Monetary number of cents.
integer
-
on_balance_sheet
Is the security reported on the balance sheet of the financial institution?
boolean
-
originator_id
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the originator of the security or securitisation.
string
-
pd_irb
The probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations.
number
-
prev_payment_date
The most recent previous date at which interest was paid or accrued_interest balance returned to zero.
string
-
product_name
The name of the product as given by the financial institution to be used for display and reference purposes.
The timestamp that indicates the end of an initial period where the ‘rate’ is applied to a security. After this the interest is calculated using the ‘reversion_rate’. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
reversion_rate
The rate to which the security will revert after the reversion date. Percentages represented as a decimal/float, so 1.5 implies 1.5%.
number
-
risk_country_code
Two-letter country code as defined according to ISO 3166-1 plus ISO allowed, user-assignable codes (AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ).
The stock exchange daily official list (SEDOL) is a seven-character identification code assigned to securities that trade on the London Stock Exchange and various smaller exchanges in the United Kingdom. SEDOL codes are used for unit trusts, investment trusts, insurance-linked securities, and domestic and foreign stocks.
string
-
seniority
The seniority of the security in the event of sale or bankruptcy of the issuer.
The source(s) where this data originated. If more than one source needs to be stored for data lineage, it should be separated by a dash. eg. Source1-Source2
string
-
start_date
The timestamp that the trade or financial product commences. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ in accordance with ISO 8601.
string
-
status
Provides additional information regarding the status of the security.
The accounting treatment of a product refers to which accounting classification or portfolio the asset/liability belongs within the IFRS9 regime in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/534 (ECB/2015/13) applied by the financial firm or National GAAP.
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit and loss and designated as such upon initial recognition or subsequently in accordance with IFRS, except those classified as financial assets held for trading.
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income due to business model and cash-flows characteristics in accordance with IFRS.
A deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is an arrangement where a borrower voluntarily turns over ownership of their home to the lender to avoid the foreclosure process. Refer to https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-deed-in-lieu-of-foreclosure-en-291/.
When a reporting entity holds an asset or purchased an asset (and has not elected fair value option (FVO) method of accounting) for which it has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or to maturity or payoff, the asset should be classified as held for investment. This is distinct from an asset classified as held-for-long-term-investment which has been elected to be measured using a fair value option.
When a reporting entity holds an asset or purchased an asset (and elected fair value option (FVO) method of accounting) for which it has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or to maturity or payoff, the asset should be classified as held for investment. This is distinct from an asset classified as held-for-long-term-investment which has been elected to be measured at amortized cost basis.
a non-current asset or disposal group to be classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction instead of through continuing use. https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ifrs-5-non-current-assets-held-for-sale-and-discontinued-operations/
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: ‘Trading financial assets’ includes all financial assets and liabilities classified as trading under the relevant national GAAP based on BAD. Irrespective of the measurement methodology applied under the relevant national GAAP based on BAD, all derivatives with a positive balance for the reporting institution that are not classified as hedge accounting in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Part shall be reported as trading financial assets and those with a negative balance shall be reported as trading financial liabilities. That classification shall also apply to derivatives which according to national GAAP based on BAD are not recognised on the balance-sheet, or have only the changes in their fair value recognised on-balance sheet or which are used as economic hedges as defined in paragraph 137 of Part 2 of Annex V.
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: Under national GAAP based on BAD, for financial assets, ‘cost-based methods’ shall include those valuation rules by which the debt instrument is measured at cost plus interest accrued less impairment losses.
Under national GAAP based on BAD, ‘Non-trading non-derivative financial assets measured at a cost-based method’ includes financial instruments measured at cost-based methods as well as instruments measured at the lower of cost or market (’LOCOM’) under a non-continuous basis (moderate LOCOM), regardless of their actual measurement as of the reporting reference date. Assets measured at moderate LOCOM are assets for which LOCOM is applied only in specific circumstances. The applicable accounting framework provides for those circumstances, such as impairment, a prolonged decline in fair value compared to cost or change in the management intent.
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: Under national GAAP based on BAD, ‘Other non-trading non-derivative financial assets’ shall include financial assets that do not qualify for inclusion in other accounting portfolios. That accounting portfolio includes, among others, financial assets that are measured at LOCOM on a continuous basis (’strict LOCOM’). Assets measured at strict LOCOM are assets for which the applicable accounting framework either provides for the initial and subsequent measurement at LOCOM, or the initial measurement at cost and the subsequent measurement at LOCOM.
This is the accumulated change in fair value before taxes.
This can be calculated by adding all gains and losses from remeasurements of financial instruments which have accumulated from the date of initial recognition to the reference date, as suggested in Annex V to Implementing Regulation (EU) No 680/2014. These gains and losses are included as they are reported in the statement of profit or loss, and therefore the amount reported will be before taxes.
This is the cumulative amount of change in the fair value of the instrument that is attributable to changes in credit risk.
Annex V to Implementing Regulation (EU) No 680/2014 indicates that this can be calculated by adding all negative and positive changes in fair value of the instrument due to credit risk that have occurred since recognition of the instrument.
The accounting treatment of a product refers to which accounting classification or portfolio the asset/liability belongs within the IFRS9 regime in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/534 (ECB/2015/13) applied by the financial firm or National GAAP.
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit and loss and designated as such upon initial recognition or subsequently in accordance with IFRS, except those classified as financial assets held for trading.
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income due to business model and cash-flows characteristics in accordance with IFRS.
A deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is an arrangement where a borrower voluntarily turns over ownership of their home to the lender to avoid the foreclosure process. Refer to https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-deed-in-lieu-of-foreclosure-en-291/.
When a reporting entity holds an asset or purchased an asset (and has not elected fair value option (FVO) method of accounting) for which it has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or to maturity or payoff, the asset should be classified as held for investment. This is distinct from an asset classified as held-for-long-term-investment which has been elected to be measured using a fair value option.
When a reporting entity holds an asset or purchased an asset (and elected fair value option (FVO) method of accounting) for which it has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or to maturity or payoff, the asset should be classified as held for investment. This is distinct from an asset classified as held-for-long-term-investment which has been elected to be measured at amortized cost basis.
a non-current asset or disposal group to be classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction instead of through continuing use. https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ifrs-5-non-current-assets-held-for-sale-and-discontinued-operations/
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: ‘Trading financial assets’ includes all financial assets and liabilities classified as trading under the relevant national GAAP based on BAD. Irrespective of the measurement methodology applied under the relevant national GAAP based on BAD, all derivatives with a positive balance for the reporting institution that are not classified as hedge accounting in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Part shall be reported as trading financial assets and those with a negative balance shall be reported as trading financial liabilities. That classification shall also apply to derivatives which according to national GAAP based on BAD are not recognised on the balance-sheet, or have only the changes in their fair value recognised on-balance sheet or which are used as economic hedges as defined in paragraph 137 of Part 2 of Annex V.
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: Under national GAAP based on BAD, for financial assets, ‘cost-based methods’ shall include those valuation rules by which the debt instrument is measured at cost plus interest accrued less impairment losses.
Under national GAAP based on BAD, ‘Non-trading non-derivative financial assets measured at a cost-based method’ includes financial instruments measured at cost-based methods as well as instruments measured at the lower of cost or market (’LOCOM’) under a non-continuous basis (moderate LOCOM), regardless of their actual measurement as of the reporting reference date. Assets measured at moderate LOCOM are assets for which LOCOM is applied only in specific circumstances. The applicable accounting framework provides for those circumstances, such as impairment, a prolonged decline in fair value compared to cost or change in the management intent.
As defined in Part 1, Section 4 of Annex V in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/451: Under national GAAP based on BAD, ‘Other non-trading non-derivative financial assets’ shall include financial assets that do not qualify for inclusion in other accounting portfolios. That accounting portfolio includes, among others, financial assets that are measured at LOCOM on a continuous basis (’strict LOCOM’). Assets measured at strict LOCOM are assets for which the applicable accounting framework either provides for the initial and subsequent measurement at LOCOM, or the initial measurement at cost and the subsequent measurement at LOCOM.
Indicates whether interest on the loan is currently being accrued. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual status when it becomes impaired or when there is reasonable doubt about the collectability of principal or interest.
The loan is currently accruing interest in the normal course of business. Interest income is being recognized as it is earned, and the loan is performing according to its terms.
The loan has been placed on non-accrual status, meaning interest is no longer being recognized as income. This typically occurs when the loan becomes impaired, when there is reasonable doubt about collectability, or when the loan is past due by a certain number of days (typically 90 days or more).
Accrued interest is an accounting definition resulting from the accrual basis of accounting. Generally speaking, this should be the amount reported on the income statement and the balance sheet (as not yet been paid/received). In other words, it is income earned or expenses incurred but not yet recognised in the revenues.
The Anacredit Regulation defines this attribute as the city, town or village of the entity. The Anacredit Manual further describes this attribute as the name of the place where the entity is registered, for example, on the business register (if applicable).
The administration property of a loan identifies whether the loan is being administered by the institution (as principal) or by another party (other).
The adminstrator of a loan typically is the one that collects interest, principal and escrow payments from the borrower and then remits those as payments to the various parties involved such as investors and guarantors.
The annual_debit_turnover of a customer is the sum of the debit transactions through an customer’s business account(s) during the last year since the given date.
The debit turnover of a customer that holds an account with the reporting entity is represented by the monetary outflows from the relevant account(s). This is separate to credit turnover, which is represented by monetary inflows to the account(s).
The relationship between opening balance, closing balance, debit turnover and credit turnover of an account between two dates is represented by the following:
This is a monetary type and as it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits, we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding ‘E’ value.
The arrears_arrangement is the property of a loan (debt) that describes how the borrower and lender are dealing with the unpaid capital or interest payments indicated in the arrears_balance. An arrears_arrangement does not necessarily require a positive arrears_balance as an arrangement may be reached between lender and borrower in anticipation of a future arrears situation eg. Forbearance. Forbearance is not an extremely well-defined concept within accounting standards. As such we have adopted the forbearance definitions and categorisation adopted by the EBA and used in the Finrep ITS. See also: BBVA research paper on the topic.
This indicates that a formal arrangement has been agreed with the borrower to capitalise the loan with the view to decrease the arrears_balance with future payments.
A temporary arrangement where the borrower is allowed to make reduced or no payments for a specified period, with the deferred amounts added to the loan balance.
A MI Claim Advance (Mortgage Insurance) is a pre-claim payment from the mortgage insurance company to assist borrowers facing mortgage delinquencies. It can help borrowers catch up on payments, buy down the mortgage rate, or receive a wage subsidy, ultimately preventing foreclosure.
A modification of the previous terms and conditions of a contract that the debtor is considered unable to comply with due to its financial difficulties (”troubled debt”) resulting in insufficient debt service ability and that would not have been granted had the debtor not been experiencing financial difficulties (in relation to forbearance status).
In possession: cases should be included here where the property is
F3.6/F4.6 taken in possession (through any method e.g. voluntary surrender, court
order etc). For development loans in particular, cases should also be
included where the appointment of a receiver and/or a manager has been
made, or where the security is being enforced in other ways (which may
or may not also involve the existence of arrears e.g. building finance case
with interest roll up, no arrears, but a current valuation is less than the
outstanding debt).
When the modification results in recapitalization. Recapitalization referes to instances where accrued and/or deferred principal, interest, servicing advances, expenses, fees, etc. are capitalized into the unpaid principal balance of the modified loan.
Loans that have been renewed and contract terms have changed and the borrower does not meet the current BHC or IHC or SLHC credit standards. This is when the borrower has entered into a new contractual obligation with the lender and the HELOC terms have changed.
Real estate owned (REO) refers to a lender-owned property that is not sold at a foreclosure auction. Properties become REO when owners default and the bank repossesses them and tries to sell them. The lender, which is often a bank, takes ownership of a foreclosed property when it fails to sell at the amount sought to cover the loan. Refer to https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realestateowned.asp.
Settlement is an agreement to accept as payment in full of the debt an amount that is less than what is contractually owed. Institutions sometimes negotiate settlement agreements with borrowers who are unable to service their unsecured open-end credit. In a settlement arrangement, the institution forgives a portion of the amount owed. In exchange, the borrower agrees to pay the remaining balance either in a lump- sum payment or by amortizing the balance over a several month period.
Settlement programs are another type of workout program in which the bank agrees to accept less than the full balance due from a borrower in full satisfaction of the debt. As with any other workout program, collectors should determine the borrower’s ability to repay under the settlement terms.
This indicates cases where the lender has made a temporary concession to the borrower to assist them with their payments of the arrears_balance.
From MLAR:
agreement with the borrower whereby monthly payments are either suspended or less than they would be on a fully commercial basis
The arrears_balance is the difference between the amount of payments contractually due by the borrower minus the amount of the payments actually made by the borrower. Note that this should include accrued_interest up to the reporting date.
An asset class is a group of instruments which have similar financial characteristics and behave similarly in the marketplace. We can often break these instruments into those having to do with real assets and those having to do with financial assets. Often, assets within the same asset class are subject to the same laws and regulations; however, this is not always true. For instance, futures on an asset are often considered part of the same asset class as the underlying instrument but are subject to different regulations than the underlying instrument.
Primary asset classes are Foreign Exchange, Interest Rates, Credit, Equities, Commodities and Other
An account is considered an asset if it is a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of
past event. For example, a loanloan is an asset from the issuing entity’s point of view, as the issuing entity expects inflows of economic benefits as a result of issuing a loan, as the account holder pays interest and penalties (if applicable).
An account is considered a liability if it is a present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource
as a result of past events. For example, a savings account is a liability from the issuing entity’s point of view, as the issuing entity expects the issuance of a savings account to lead to an outflow of future economic benefits from the entity, as the issuer pays interest on the funds in the account to the account holder.
An account is considered an equity if it represents a residual interest in the firm’s assets after all of its liabilities have been deducted. For example, a firm may allocate certain amounts of its profits to a reserve account for specific purposes (e.g. a revaluation reserve or a share plan reserve). This reserve account would be recognised as equity on the firm’s balance sheet. Equity is typically split in to two types of accounts, capital and reserves.
An account is considered [Profit and Loss (pnl)][pnl] if it represents income or expenses attributable to the firm over the period defined by the start and end dates.
A derivative cash flow is where two parties exchange cash flows (or assets) derived from an underlying reference index, security or financial instrument. This will represent either an asset or a liability on the firm’s balance sheet.
Another term for this exchange is a ‘swap’. (Swaps are contracts to exchange cash flows as of a specified date or a series of specified dates based on a notional amount and two different underlying financial instruments. Many times a swap will occur because one party has a comparative advantage in one area such as borrowing funds under variable interest rates, while another party can borrow more freely as the fixed rate.)
A derivative cash flow exchange (swap) that results in a net positive value after the transaction with regard to the underlying reference index, security or financial instrument is an asset on the firm’s balance sheet.
A derivative cash flow exchange (swap) that results in a net negative value after the transaction with regard to the underlying reference index, security or financial instrument is a liability on the firm’s balance sheet.
A loan is an asset on a firm’s balance sheet when future economic benefits are expected to flow to the firm as a result of issuing the loan. For example, a mortgage offered by a bank is an asset on the bank’s balance sheet as repayments are expected in the future.
A loan is a liability on a firm’s balance sheet if future economic benefits are expected to flow out of the firm. For example, if a bank has a mortgage loan on its balance sheet, and repayments are made which are greater than the required repayments, then the bank expects to return the overpayments to the borrower leading to an outflow of future economic benefits.
amortised cost: amortised cost is calculated using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Financial assets that are not carried at fair value though profit and loss are subject to an impairment test. If expected life cannot be determined reliably, then the contractual life is used;
fair value: the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
If the valuation leads to expected outflows of economic benefits, then the security is a liability on the firm’s balance sheet. For example if an equity security was purchased by a firm expecting to receieve future inflows of economic benefits through dividend payments, but a market downturn caused a negative fluctuation in dividend payments, the security may have cost more than its expected future value in terms of economic benefit flows and becomes a liability on the firm’s balance sheet.
If the valuation leads to expected inflows of economic benefits, then the security is an asset on the firm’s balance sheet. For example, if an asset backed security (e.g. collateralised mortgage obligation) was purchased by a firm expecting to receieve future inflows of economic benefits through repayments of those mortgages, and the security was purchased at a value lower than the expected income from those mortgage repayments over the lifetime of the security, then the security will have a net positive fair value and be an asset on the firm’s balance sheet.
If the security comes from own funds, it will then be classified as equity
The attachment point is the threshold at which losses within the pool of underlying exposures would start to be allocated to the relevant securitisation position. See determination of attachment point.
The balance represents the contractual amount outstanding, deliverable or available at the given date as agreed in the terms of the financial product. The balance is sometimes referred to as the face value or par value of the product.
More precisely, from an IFRS 9 accounting point of view, the balance is equivalent to the gross carrying amount which is the carrying amount including accrued interest but before impairment and any hedge accounting has been taken into consideration in accordance with Appendix A:
The amortised cost of a financial asset, before adjusting for
any loss allowance.
This is a monetary type and as it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits, we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding ‘E’ value.
Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code provides for “liquidation” - the sale of a debtor’s nonexempt property and the distribution of the proceeds to creditors.
Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code provides for reorganization of municipalities, which includes cities and towns, as well as villages, counties, taxing districts, municipal utilities, and school districts.
Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code provides for reorganization, usually involving a corporation or partnership. A Chapter 11 debtor usually proposes a plan of reorganization to keep its business alive and pay creditors over time. People in business or individuals also can seek relief in Chapter 11.
Chapter 12 of the Bankruptcy Code provides for adjustment of debts of a “family farmer,” or a “family fisherman” as those terms are defined in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code provides for adjustment of debts of an individual with regular income. Chapter 13 allows a debtor to keep property and pay debts over time, usually three to five years.
Use this when the customer is understood to be bankrupt but where the exact bankruptcy chapter is unknown or does not meet another definition within the taxonomy.
When quoting the price of currency it is done on a relative basis with currency pairs. The base currency is the first currency in a pair with the quote currency being the second. The price quoted represents how much one unit of the base currency can buy you of the quote currency. For example, if you were looking at the GBP/USD currency pair, the Britsh pound would be the base currency and the U.S. dollar would be the quote currency.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) set the standard (ISO standard 4217) of the three letter abbreviations used for currencies.
The base rate set by the bank that offers the account facility, which typically follows the official central bank interest rate - but it is not guaranteed to do so. The base rate represents the basis of the rate on the balance at the given date as agreed in the terms of the account.
The official interest rate is the interest rate paid on commercial bank reserves by the central bank of an area or region.
The base rate represents the basis of the rate on the balance at the given date as agreed in the terms of the financial product.
Basis can be defined as “the difference between the spot price of a given cash market asset and the price of its related futures contract.” Therefore, the base rate can be viewed as the time value of the money referred to in the financial product and the difference between the interest rate and the base rate can be viewed as the yield spread of the financial product over a defined index.
In practice, the base rate conveys the information that the interest rate is directly or indirectly linked to another rate or index. For the purposes of consistency, the relevant Bloomberg Index ticker is used with “ZERO” used to indicate that there is no related base rate used for the determination of the interest rate.
The base rate set by the bank that offers the loan product, which typically follows the official central bank interest rate - but it is not guaranteed to do so. The base rate represents the basis of the repayment rate on the borrowed funds at the given date as agreed in the terms of the loan.
The official interest rate is the interest rate paid on commercial bank reserves by the central bank of an area or region.
The base rate is tied to the Federal Reserve’s target rate for the federal funds rate. This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds.
The base rate is linked to the Bank of England’s base rate, which is the interest rate that the Bank of England charges banks for secured overnight lending.
The Federal Cost of Funds Index (COFI) is used as a benchmark for some types of mortgage loans and securities. It is calculated as the sum of the monthly average interest rates for marketable Treasury bills and for marketable Treasury notes, divided by two, and rounded to three decimal places. Refer to https://www.freddiemac.com/research/datasets/cofi.
The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (”Freddie Mac”) is the administrator and publisher of the Enterprise 11th District COFI Replacement Index and Enterprise 11th District COFI Institutional Replacement Index (each a “Replacement Index”, collectively the “Replacement Indices”) which are being made available for financial instruments owned or guaranteed by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae (the “GSEs”) that are indexed to the 11th District Monthly Weighted Average Cost of Funds Index (”COFI”), an index calculated and published by the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco. The Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco will discontinue the calculation and publication of the 11th District Monthly Weighted Average Cost of Funds Index after the announcement of the December 2021 COFI in January 2022. Refer to https://www.freddiemac.com/research/indices/COFI-enterprise-replacement.
The Federal Cost of Funds Index (COFI) is used as a benchmark for some types of mortgage loans and securities. It is calculated as the sum of the monthly average interest rates for marketable Treasury bills and for marketable Treasury notes, divided by two, and rounded to three decimal places. Refer to https://www.freddiemac.com/research/datasets/cofi.
COFI other than the national monthly index or 11th district.
The Federal Cost of Funds Index (COFI) is used as a benchmark for some types of mortgage loans and securities. It is calculated as the sum of the monthly average interest rates for marketable Treasury bills and for marketable Treasury notes, divided by two, and rounded to three decimal places. Refer to https://www.freddiemac.com/research/datasets/cofi.
The Cost of Savings Index (COSI) is a popular index used for calculating the interest rate of certain adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs). Officially known as the Wells Fargo Cost of Savings Index, it is based on the interest rates that Wells Fargo Bank pays to individuals on certificates of deposit (CDs). Refer to https://www.wellsfargo.com/mortgage/manage-account/cost-of-savings-index/.
Treasury bill rate with an unknown tenor. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
1 year treasury bill rate. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
3 month treasury bill rate. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
3 year treasury bill rate. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
5 year treasury bill rate. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
6 month treasury bill rate. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
Treasury bill rate with another tenor. Refer to https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_bill_rates.
The base rate represents the basis of the rate on the balance at the given date as agreed in the terms of the financial product.
Basis can be defined as “the difference between the spot price of a given cash market asset and the price of its related futures contract.” Therefore, the base rate can be viewed as the time value of the money referred to in the financial product and the difference between the interest rate and the base rate can be viewed as the yield spread of the financial product over a defined index.
In practice, the base rate conveys the information that the interest rate is directly or indirectly linked to another rate or index. For the purposes of consistency, the relevant Bloomberg Index ticker is used with “ZERO” used to indicate that there is no related base rate used for the determination of the interest rate.
The behavioral_end_date property represents the weighted average maturity date of as defined in the Federal Reserve Y-14 Q&As which includes behavioral assumptions.
“The Weighted Average Life of Loans should reflect the current position, the impact of new business activity, as well as the impact of behavioral assumptions such as prepayments or defaults, based on the expected remaining lives, inclusive of behavioral assumptions as of month-end. It should reflect the weighted average of time to principal actual repayment (as modeled) for all positions in the segment, rounded to the nearest monthly term.”
This is also relevant for UK, European behavioral assumptions for liquiduity run-off analysis.
It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
This is the unique id to identify the beneficiary of a loan cashlfows. This attribute is relevant for modelling of deferred payments (cashflows of securitised loans).
The birr_curve_id represents the unique identifier of a curve containing historical Borrower Internal Risk Ratings (BIRR) for an entity. The referenced curve must be of type ‘risk_rating’.
This property allows for tracking the historical evolution of an entity’s internal risk assessment over time, providing a complete view of how the entity’s creditworthiness has changed. Each value in the curve represents a specific BIRR identifier that was assigned to the entity at that point in time.
In this example, the entity is linked to a curve with ID “curve456” that contains its historical BIRR identifiers. The curve would contain entries like:
Each value in the curve is a BIRR identifier that corresponds to the entity’s risk rating at that specific point in time. These identifiers should match the format used in the birr_id property.
The unique identifier of the Borrower Internal Risk Rating (BIRR).
The Borrower Internal Risk Rating represents an internally assigned risk assessment for a customer, based on their creditworthiness and financial stability. It is used to evaluate the likelihood of default across different exposures and lending decisions, considering factors such as historical repayment behavior, financial statements, and market conditions.
This “id” is designed to link to a corresponding “id” in the risk_rating schema.
Under the IRB approach, institutions are required to assign a borrower-level internal risk rating to each obligor, forming the basis for the probability of default (PD) used in regulatory capital calculations. This requirement applies to all corporate, sovereign, and bank counterparties, regardless of product type.
“Institutions must assign to each obligor a rating reflecting the obligor’s likelihood of default. This rating shall form the basis for determining the obligor’s PD estimate.”
OSFI CAR Chapter 5, para 94; Basel II, para 415
As such, when a bond is held in the banking book (subject to credit risk capital under IRB), the issuer of the bond is the credit-risk-bearing counterparty, and must be assigned a risk rating.
While the term BIRR (Borrower Internal Risk Rating) is most commonly associated with facilities such as loans or credit lines, the concept is applicable to any obligor-level credit exposure, including bonds.
Using the term BIRR for issuer exposures is justified because:
The conceptual framework is identical — a forward-looking, obligor-level risk assessment used to derive PD.
The regulatory requirement to assign an internal rating at the obligor level does not distinguish between loans and securities.
In essence: “BIRR” = any internal counterparty rating tied to a PD under IRB — whether the exposure arises from a loan, bond, or other credit instrument.
Thus, in the context of IRB-compliant modeling, the issuer rating used for PD assignment serves the same regulatory and risk purpose as a traditional BIRR, and can justifiably be referred to as such in documentation and systems.
The industry code used by the Bank of England to classify reporting entities.
To understand the underlying behaviour which is reflected in movements in economic and financial statistics, it is necessary to group those entities engaged in financial transactions into broad sectors with similar characteristics. Two of the systems of classification used in UK official statistics are based on analysis by sector and industry. For consistency, it is necessary to classify most banking accounts – deposits, loans and advances, etc. – according to both sector and industrial classifications.
The industrial classification groups entities according to their main industrial or service activity (without regard to ownership or who operates them). Only UK residents are covered, excluding monetary financial institutions (UK banks and building societies). This system follows the 2007 Standard Industrial Classification issued by the Office for National Statistics. Activities are divided into 18 main groups. Since this classification is based on industries without regard to who owns or operates them, industrial establishments owned or operated by the central government are classified in the same way as those privately-owned and should not necessarily be included under ‘public administration and defence’.
The sector code used by the Bank of England to classify reporting entities.
To understand the underlying behaviour which is reflected in movements in economic and financial statistics, it is necessary to group those entities engaged in financial transactions into broad sectors with similar characteristics. Two of the systems of classification used in UK official statistics are based on analysis by sector and industry. For consistency, it is necessary to classify most banking accounts – deposits, loans and advances, etc. – according to both sector and industrial classifications.
The dataset used for sector classifications is the Office for National Statistics’ Public Sector Classification Guide, which lists current and former public sector bodies and is updated regularly to incorporate classification decisions made.
The main sectors for UK residents are monetary financial institutions, the public sector and the private sector (or ‘other UK residents’). Monetary financial institutions include the central bank (the Bank of England), firms with a permission under Part IV of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to accept deposits (other than (i) credit unions; (ii) firms whose permission to accept deposits is only for the purpose of carrying out insurance business; and (iii) friendly societies), and European Economic Area (EEA) firms with a permission under Schedule 3 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to accept deposits through a UK branch. This includes UK banks and building societies and the UK branches of inwardly passporting EEA banks. The public sector consists of central government entities, public corporations and local government. Central government comprises government departments and quasi-government entities. Public corporations are corporate entities which are owned and controlled by the UK central or local government; in general they comprise corporations set up by Parliament and nationalised corporations. Local government includes new unitary authorities and other councils (for example, county, district, parish, and town) and their departments, and those entities which have taken over the assets and functions of the former metropolitan councils. ‘Other UK residents’ is further sub-divided: Financial corporations other than monetary financial institutions include other financial intermediaries, (such as securities dealers and non-bank credit grantors), insurance companies and pension funds and financial auxiliaries (such as entities regulating financial activities, fund management companies), which also embrace financial quasi-corporations. Non-financial corporations other than public corporations, to which are added non-financial quasi-corporations, are privately owned corporate entities located in the United Kingdom, for example BP plc. Other sectors are individuals and individual trusts, unincorporated businesses other than unlimited liability partnerships, and non-profit institutions serving households.
The break_dates represents a list (an array) of dates in the terms of a financial product where a contract can be broken by either party. Having an array allows flexibility for the information provider to share just the next break_date or all future break_dates.
If there are no break_dates, the property should be omitted and it is assumed that the product cannot be broken at any time until the end_date.
The call_dates represents a list (an array) of dates in the terms of a financial product where a contract can be called by issuer or credit provider depending on the product. Having an array allows flexibility for the information provider to share just the next call_date or all future call_dates.
If there are no call_dates, the property should be omitted and it is assumed that the product can be called at any time prior to the end_date.
A clean-up call is a call option provision in a securitisation whereby the originator can repurchase the outstanding amounts in the issuance once they outstanding amount has fallen below a certain threshold (e.g. 10%) or if certain other conditions have been met.
A clean-up call provision that meets the following regulatory clean-up criteria specified in CRR Article 244/245:
(i) it can be exercised at the discretion of the originator institution;
(ii) it may only be exercised when 10 % or less of the original value of the underlying exposures remains unamortised;
(iii) it is not structured to avoid allocating losses to credit enhancement positions or other positions held by investors in the securitisation and is not otherwise structured to provide credit enhancement;
Capital tier of an instrument in accordance with CRR2 regulation
(REGULATION (EU) No 575/2013 AS AMENDED BY REGULATION (EU) 2019/876 (CRR2) ).
Note that this includes ‘grandfathered capital’ which is capital which would
have been classified in capital tiers under Basel 2 regulations, rules but are
no longer eligible due to the tighter rules under Basel3 currently
reflected in CRR and CRR2 (and hence they are ‘grandfathered’ and dealt
with in a special way by transitional arrangements during a transitional
period).
The fields here are listed in a flat structure as they are mutually exclusive.
Securities classed as tier 1 capital instruments, these include securities
classed as common equity tier 1 and securities classed as additional tier 1
capital instruments.
Securities classed as common equity tier 1 (CET1) capital instruments.
As set out in CRR Article 26, these are capital instruments,
provided that the conditions laid down in CRR Article 28 or, where applicable,
Article 29 are met.
Securities classed as additional tier 1 capital instruments.
As set out in CRR Article 51, these are capital instruments, where the
conditions laid down in Article 52(1) are met.
Securities classed as Tier 2 capital instruments.
As set out in CRR Article 62 these are capital instruments where the
conditions laid down in Article 63 are met.
Instruments which are considered as grandfathered
as CET1 Capital, in that they no longer meet the tighter restrictions
introduced in the CRR\CRR2 regulation for CET1 capital, but are still included
in transitional arrangements.
According to CRR2 Regulation Article 484(3) this is capital within the meaning
of Article 22 of Directive 86/635/EEC, that qualified as original own funds
under the national transposition measures for point (a) of Article 57 of
Directive 2006/48/EC notwithstanding that the conditions laid down in
Article 28 or, where applicable, Article 29 of the CRR Regulation are not met.
Instruments which are considered as grandfathered
as additional tier 1 capital, in that they no longer meet the tighter
restrictions introduced in the CRR\CRR2 regulation for additional tier 1
capital, but are still included in transitional arrangements.
According to CRR2 Regulation Article 484(4) this is instruments that qualified
as original own funds under national transposition measures for point (ca)
of Article 57 and Article 154(8) and (9) of Directive 2006/48/EC
notwithstanding that the conditions laid down in Article 52 of this Regulation
are not met.
Instruments which are considered as grandfathered
as tier 2 capital, in that they no longer meet the tighter
restrictions introduced in the CRR\CRR2 regulation for tier 2
capital, but are still included in transitional arrangements.
According to CRR2 Regulation Article 484(5) this is instruments that qualified
under national transposition measures for points (e), (f), (g) or (h) of
Article 57 of Directive 2006/48/EC shall qualify as Tier 2 items,
notwithstanding that those items are not included in Article 62 of this
Regulation or that the conditions laid down in Article 63 of this
Regulation are not met.
The credit conversion factor estimates the exposure at default of off-balance sheet items. The credit conversion factors are regulator defined and are the estimated size and likely occurrence of the credit exposure, as well as the relative degree of credit risk.
See the CRR for the clasification of off-balance sheet adjustments and for the exposure values for different risk categories.
The charge property indicates the charge that the lender has on the collateral of the loan. To avoid an open-ended enum value, we use integers to represent the order of charge:
0 = mixed/combination of charge levels
1 = first charge
2 = second charge
3 = third charge
... and so on
The absence of the charge property indicates that the lender has no charge on the collateral and/or that the loan is unsecured.
The contribution_amount reflects the amount that the adjustment contributes to to the reportable value (in a report/cell). This amount is a monetary amount in minor currency of the corresponding currency_code for the adjustment. Implementation of contributions may differ, but are typically additive so that multiple contributions can be aggregated.
The contribution_text is used where contributions are not monetary values, but rather text/string values or decimals/percentages. As these values are typically used in reporting in a one-to-one correspondence, aggregations of contribution texts typically don’t make sense. Implementation specific cases may also be present to account for the wider range of non-monetary reportable values.
The cost_center_code is the internal organizational unit/sub-unit code to link expenses to budgets. Cost centers are typically used for internal management reporting and can be set up independent of other organizational structures as needed.
The country_code represents location, registration, jurisdiction or country of domicile of the product, customer or collateral (booking location). This reflects where product or entity is from an operational standpoint rather than a legal point of view (although in many cases it is the same).
Countries are represented as 2-letter codes in accordance with ISO 3166-1.
Exceptionally, due to inconsistent regulatory treatment granularity, ISO-3611-2 codes have been added, for example to distinguish between the 7 different emirates.
EU Regulations often refer to Member States which refers to European Economic Area (EEA) countries as clarified by the EBA in this Q&A.
For the avoidance of doubt, the EEA list is:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK which comprise the list of EU Members and also Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway who are part of the single market but not part of the EU.
The balance of the cover pool securing the covered bond.
Cover Pool means a clearly defined set of assets securing the payment obligations attached to covered bonds that are segregated from other assets held by the credit institution issuing the covered bonds.
The credit quality step for standardised approach, measured as part of a credit quality assessment scale by an approved External Credit Assessment Institution. Most CQS scales range from 1 to 6 however, CQS for securitisations can be more granular, ranging from 1 to 17.
For example, the securitisation scale converts as follows (for S&P LT ratings):
1 = 1 to 4
2 = 5 to 7
3 = 8 to 10
4 = 11 to 13
5 = 14 to 16
6 = 17
Specifies the approved rwa calculation approach that is applied to the exposure for rwa calculations. Specified for firms that are approved to have mixed calculation approaches
by the regulator.
Securitisation Standardised Approach - Look-through Approach
For securitisation calculations, when the financial institution has full knowledge of the composition of the underlying exposures of pool at all time, the institution can apply the “look-through” approach to senior securitization exposures.
See OSFI Chapter 7, P134 or Basel Framework, CRE 40.50
Equity Investments in Funds - Look-through Approach
The LTA requires a bank to risk weight the underlying exposures of a fund as if the exposures were held directly by the bank. This is the most granular and risk-sensitive approach. It must be used when:
(1) there is sufficient and frequent information provided to the bank regarding the underlying exposures of the fund; and
(2) such information is verified by an independent third party.
See Basel CRE60 Equity Investments in Funds, CRE 60.2
Equity Investments in Funds - Mandate-based Approach
The second approach, the MBA, provides a method for calculating regulatory capital that can be used when the conditions for applying the LTA are not met.
Under the MBA banks may use the information contained in a fund’s mandate or in the national regulations governing such investment funds.
See Basel CRE60 Equity Investments in Funds, CRE 60.6
Equity Investmnets in Funds - Fall-back Approach
Where neither the LTA nor the MBA is feasible, banks are required to apply the FBA. The FBA applies a 1250% risk weight to the bank’s equity investment in the fund.
See Basel CRE60 Equity investments in funds, CRE 60.8
The credit_impaired identifier is a boolean to flag if the customer credit quality is impaired.
According to the FCA Handbook, a credit-impaired customer is a customer who:
(a) within the last two years has owed overdue payments, in an amount equivalent to three months’ payments, on a mortgage or other loan (whether secured or unsecured), except where the amount overdue reached that level because of late payment caused by errors by a bank or other third party; or
(b) has been the subject of one or more county court judgments, with a total value greater than £500, within the last three years; or
(c) has been subject to an individual voluntary arrangement or bankruptcy order which was in force at any time within the last three years.
The definition of credit-impaired obligors or guarantors is both backward-looking (e.g. the obligor has declared bankruptcy, or has recently agreed with his creditors to a debt dismissal or reschedule, or is on an official registry of persons with adverse credit history) and forward-looking (e.g. the obligor has a credit assessment by an external credit assessment institution or has a credit score indicating a significant risk that contractually agreed payments will not be made compared to the average obligor for this type of loans in the relevant jurisdiction).
Loan Grading is a classification system that involves assigning a quality score to a loan based on a borrower’s credit history, quality of the collateral, and the likelihood of repayment of the principal and interest. A score can also be applied to a portfolio of loans. Loan grading is part of a lending institution’s loan review or credit risk system and is usually an aspect of the credit underwriting and approval processes. (based on the FED Reporting Instructions for Capital Assesments).
The 1994 ISDA Credit Support Annex (Security Interest—New York law), known as the New York law CSA or the New York law annex (the New York law Annex)
It allows parties to establish bilateral mark-to-market security arrangements. This document serves as an Annex to the Schedule to the ISDA Master Agreement and is designed for use in transactions subject to New York law.
The 1995 ISDA Credit Support Annex (Transfer—English law), known as the English law CSA or the English law annex (the English law Annex)
It allows parties to establish bilateral mark-to-market arrangements under English law relying on transfer of title to collateral in the form of securities and/or cash and, in the event of default, inclusion of collateral values within the close-out netting provided by Section 6 of the ISDA Master Agreement. The English Credit Support Annex does not create a security interest, but instead relies on netting for its effectiveness. Like the New York Credit Support Annex, it is an Annex to the Schedule to the ISDA Master Agreement.
The 1995 ISDA Credit Support Deed (Security interest—English law), known as the English law CSD or the English law deed (the English law Deed)
It allows parties to establish bilateral mark-to-market collateral arrangements under English law relying on the creation of a formal security interest in collateral in the form of securities and/or cash. It is a stand-alone document (not an Annex to the Schedule), but is otherwise comparable to the 1994 ISDA Credit Support Annex for use with ISDA Master Agreements subject to New York law (which also relies on the creation of a formal security interest in the collateral).
The Standard CSA for both the English and New York law Annexes, published in 2013.
The Standard Credit Support Annex (SCSA or Standard CSA) seeks to standardize market practice regarding embedded optionality in current CSAs, promote the adoption of overnight index swap discounting for derivatives, and align the mechanics and economics of collateralization between the bilateral and cleared OTC derivative markets. Additionally, the SCSA seeks to create a homogeneous valuation framework, reducing current barriers to novation and valuation disputes
Unless modified by the parties, the “Credit Support Amount” is the amount of Eligible Credit Support that the Secured Party is entitled to hold as of aparticular Valuation Date. In other words, it is the exposure of the Secured Party to the Chargor, adjusted to reflect agreed thresholds, minimum transfer amounts and so on.
the amount received from the start of the latest default of the instrument until the reporting reference date. For the purpose of this attribute, a ‘default’ will be deemed to have occurred if it meets the conditions of Article 178 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
cum_write_offs refer to cumulative balances where an entity has no reasonable expectations of recovering the contractual cash flows on a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof.
Used to represent the portion of the loan which has been written off, separate to any portion that may remain impaired or unimpaired.
See (https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/publications/pdf-standards/english/2022/issued/part-a/ifrs-9-financial-instruments.pdf?bypass=on)
The customer_id is the unique an identifier for the customer within the financial institution. Where applicable, we would encourage the use of a Legal Entity Identifier. This field is important because it serves as the common identifier that is retained as data passes from one system to another.
Users should be careful that when aggregating similar data from different sources, that unique ids are maintained to avoid conflicts or overwriting of data.
date is a widely used property (in almost every schema) and when combined with “id” it is generally sufficient to be a primary key in whatever data model you decide to implement.
date refers to the observation or value date for the data in the JSON object. From the recipient’s point of view, it is the time stamp for which the data in the JSON object is true. Note that it is called date but allows for precision to the nearest second in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
This means that if another data object is received with the same “date” but at a different hour, minute or second, then it will not conflict with the existing data point. It therefore follows that the existing data might be overwritten if the same “date” and “id” are transmitted (depending on the way the back-end/database is implemented).
The day count convention is the standardised methodology for calculating the number of days between two dates. It is used to calculate the amount of accrued interest or the present value.
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the deal for this product that links it to other products of the same or different type.
The default_date is the date on which the obligor first meets the institution’s default criteria, such as being past due more than 90 days or deemed unlikely to pay. This date marks the start of the default event for regulatory and internal purposes. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
deferred_fees Deferred placement fees receivable, non-credit-enhancing interest-only strips, and any other assets that represent the present value of future spread income subject to prepayment risk. The deferred fees amount should not be included in the balance of the loan.
A free text field that provides additional descriptive information about the product. This field can be used to capture any relevant details that don’t fit into other structured fields.
For example, a description of a security that gives a more user-friendly name of the security or issuer, type or nature of obligation, and, if applicable, key terms such as the maturity date and stated interest rate.
The detachment point is the threshold at which losses within the pool of underlying exposures would result in a complete loss of principal for the tranche containing the relevant securitisation position. See determination of detachment point.
The pre-funded financial resources of the CCP communicated to the institution by the CCP in accordance with Article 50c of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012;
The sum of pre-funded contributions of all clearing members of the QCCP communicated to the institution by the QCCP in accordance with Article 50c of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012.
The instrument’s coupon/dividend distribution type, such as cumulative or noncumulative. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
Indicates that any missed dividend payments must be paid to preferred shareholders before common shareholders can receive dividends. These unpaid dividends accumulate and must be paid in full before any dividends can be paid to common shareholders.
Indicates that if a dividend payment is missed, it is not required to be paid in the future. The company is not obligated to make up for missed dividend payments to preferred shareholders.
Exposure at default (EAD) is a monetary amount used in estimating Loss Given Default (LGD). This includes any drawn balances, accrued interest, fees, and undrawn commitments that may be utilised prior to or at the point of default. The value reported should be Post-CRM (after applying credit risk mitigation).
When measuring EAD, institutions should reflect the expected moneraty exposure amount at the time of default, taking into account any undrawn commitments, accrued interest, fees, and other off-balance sheet items that may become due in the event of default. Reported on a Post-CRM basis.
Inclusions are drawn balances, accrued interest, fees, and any undrawn amounts that may be utilised prior to or at the point of default, net of credit risk mitigation where applicable.
The ead_irb_ec property represents the lexpected gross dollar exposure for each facility upon a borrower’s default as determined by internal ratings-based approach. This value is used in economic capital calculations.
This is the definition of loss used in estimating Loss Given Default. When measuring economic loss, as opposed to accounting loss, all relevant factors should be taken into account, including material discount effects and material direct and indirect costs associated with collecting on the exposure. Reported on Post-CRM basis
Inclusions are direct and indirect costs, and if any, discount effects associated with collecting on the exposure.
Institutions are to apply the definition and calculation of Economic Loss consistently according to their internal approach. Internal calculation is specific to each FI and should include total economic losses for the reporting quarter.
The el_irb is the property of a loan that represents the expected loss, which is the best estimate of the amount to be lost on an exposure from the potential default of a counterparty. Used in the internal ratings based (IRB) approach.
EL = PD x LGD
where EL is the expected loss, PD is the probability of default, and LGD is the loss given default.
The el_irb should be recorded as a percentage between 0 and 1.
The encumbrance_amount is used in reference to products or entities where an encumbrance can be described as a claim, right to, interest in, or legal liability that diminishes its value. Encumbrances are typically used in reference to real property or assets to reflect liabilities where part or whole of the property or asset has been used as collateral, security or pledged by a borrower to a lender.
The amount here refers to the carrying amount or accounting value for the encumbrance. It is a positive integer number of cents. See issue
Asset Encumbrance has become a regulatory requirement in its own right and in the EBA’s 2013 public hearing they describe:
an asset is considered encumbered if it has been pledged or if it is subject to any form of arrangement to secure, collateralise or credit enhance any transaction from which it cannot be freely withdrawn.
The 2015 Report on Asset Encumbrance refers to asset encumbrance as: “balance sheet liabilities for which collateral was posted by institutions” and states that common sources of asset encumbrance come from repos, covered bonds and OTC derivatives.
Repos are tricky in this regard and under the standard GMRA definitions, legal title passes to the buyer (as a sale of the asset) with an agreement to repurchase at a later date. So technically, under this definition, there is no legal encumbrance on the asset but contractually on the cash or value arising from the sale of that asset.
For Assests, the LCR Regulation has this to say about encumbrance:
LCR - Article 7.2
The assets shall be a property, right, entitlement or interest held by a credit institution and free from any encumbrance. For those purposes, an asset shall be deemed to be unencumbered where the credit institution is not subject to any legal, contractual, regulatory or other restriction preventing it from liquidating, selling, transferring, assigning or, generally, disposing of such asset via active outright sale or repurchase agreement within the following 30 calendar days. The following assets shall be deemed to be unencumbered:
(a) assets included in a pool which are available for immediate use as collateral to obtain additional funding under committed but not yet funded credit lines available to the credit institution. This shall include assets placed by a credit institution with the central institution in a cooperative network or institutional protection scheme. Credit institutions shall assume that assets in the pool are encumbered in order of increasing liquidity on the basis of the liquidity classification set out in Chapter 2, starting with assets ineligible for the liquidity buffer;
(b) assets that the credit institution has received as collateral for credit risk mitigation purposes in reverse repo or securities financing transactions and that the credit institution may dispose of.
Encumbrances are also sometimes used for account management purposes to denote future payments or commitments prior to expenditure to avoid overspending. In these cases, it should be checked that the commitment is a legal liability.
The end_date is a widely used property and reflects the contractual maturity date or tenor of the product or relationship.
The end_date refers to the final observation or value date for the data in the JSON object. From the recipient’s point of view, it is the time stamp for which the data in the JSON object is or will no longer be true. Note that it is called date but allows for precision to the nearest second in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
It is possible that for some products, particularly cash-related accounts, there is no end or maturity date. If not provided, it should be assumed that the end_date is infinite (ie. perpetual). For fixed-life securities such as bonds, the date will be the maturity date of the underlying asset. Similarly, for security financing transactions, the end_date is typically the date the collateral or asset is returned or the financing ends.
‘synthetic excess spread’ means the amount that, according to the documentation of a synthetic securitisation, is contractually designated by the originator to absorb losses of the securitised exposures that might occur before the maturity date of the transaction;
Fixed excess spread: the amount of excess spread that the originator commits to use as credit enhancement at each payment period is pre-determined in the contract, usually expressed as a fixed percentage of the total outstanding portfolio balance, e.g. 30 basis points of the outstanding portfolio balance. The excess spread is, under this scenario, a contractually committed credit enhancement buffer, within which losses will be absorbed before impacting any more senior position, and is therefore due to the lack of calculation of any excess amount no excess spread in the strict sense of the term;
Use-It-Or-Lose-It (UIOLI) mechanisms. UIOLI mechanisms imply that the amount designated to absorb losses is periodically offset with the amount of losses realised at each period, and that the amount that is not used for loss absorption in a particular period is no longer available for loss compensation in future periods. Because of the lower loss absorbing capacity of UIOLI mechanisms in comparison with trapped mechanisms, and the circumstance that this lower loss absorbing capacity also depends on the distribution of the losses throughout the life of the transaction 3 , these RTS specify an adjustment to the calculation applicable to trapped mechanisms in case of the application of the simplified model approach. This adjustment is not needed in the case of the full model approach because it already accounts for the lower loss absorbing capacity of UIOLI SES within the differentiated modelling of periodical cash flows and loss amounts for all periods throughout the maturity of a transaction.
Use-it-or-lose-it mechanism: during each payment period, excess spread may be used to cover credit losses materialising during that period. Excess spread not used for that purpose during the payment period is returned to the originator;
The originator may commit synthetic excess spread, which shall be available as credit enhancement for the investors, where all of the following conditions are met:
(a) the amount of the synthetic excess spread that the originator commits to using as credit enhancement at each payment period is specified in the transaction documentation and expressed as a fixed percentage of the total outstanding portfolio balance at the start of the relevant payment period (fixed synthetic excess spread);
(b) the synthetic excess spread which is not used to cover credit losses that materialise during each payment period shall be returned to the originator;
Trapped mechanisms. In trapped mechanisms, the amount designated by the originator institution to absorb losses is periodically offset with the amount of losses realised at each period; the amount not used for loss absorption in that period cumulates in a separate account and is still available for loss absorption in future periods. Because of that, these draft RTS specify that its exposure value should be the total losses expected to be covered during the entire life of the transaction. To calculate those losses two methodologies would be possible: a full model approach, similar to the approach recommended in the EBA Report on SRT for the SRT assessment2 , or a simplified model approach, which would only model the remaining weighted average life (WAL) of the underlying portfolio and would multiply it by the SES designated for the next period.
Trap mechanism: during each payment period, excess spread not consumed to cover losses materialising during that period is set aside to create a ledger (spread account) that cumulates over time and remains available to absorb losses when these materialise. Spread may cumulate in a ledger for the entire life of the transaction, it may alternatively start cumulating as a given performance trigger is activated, from the date of a call option or may be cumulated to reach different target levels depending on agreed triggers
based on the expected income of the securitised exposures or on the outstanding amount of those securitised exposures, or on another reference related to the securitised exposures, as the amounts that originator institutions estimate to be available for the absorption of losses in the respective future period for which the synthetic excess spread amount is being determined
Variable excess spread: mostly to replicate the functioning of a traditional securitisation transaction, excess spread is defined in a contract by means of formulae, resulting in a variable amount of excess spread at each payment period. Such formulae can be defined as the portfolio income that, at each payment period, exceeds the costs of the securitisation transaction, among others including the cost of credit protection, the spread paid on the senior tranche, or an equivalent funding cost whenever the senior tranche is retained by the originator, servicing costs and all other relevant costs
fees represents the associated amounts due surrounding a loan that need to be considered, for example when calculating current LTV.
This is a monetary type and as [it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits][floats], we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding [‘E’][E] value.
The first date on which the asset was in arrears (customer failed to make a payment on time and in full).
Relevant for determing past due as per the following instructions:
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 (DR with regard to liquidity coverage requirement) does not provide for any grace periods meaning that all payments that are delayed, even if just for only one single day and even if only for technical reasons, have to be considered as being past due for the purposes of the LCR calculation of liquidity inflows.
Assets qualify as past due when counterparties have failed to make a payment when contractually due according to Annex V. Part 2, paragraph 48 of the Regulation (EU) No 680/2014 13 ITS on supervisory reporting of institutions. The whole amounts of such assets shall be reported and broken down according to the number of days of the oldest past due instalment.
The first_payment_date is the first time interest on the account or loan is paid. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The unique identifier of the Facility Risk Rating (FRR).
The Facility Risk Rating (FRR) is a key risk assessment tool used to evaluate the credit risk of a specific facility or loan. It considers factors such as collateral, seniority, repayment structure, and facility-specific risk mitigants to determine the likelihood of default and potential loss in the event of default.
The FRR provides an internal measure of risk at the facility level and is typically used in risk management, capital allocation, and IRB regulatory reporting.
It evaluates the inherent risk based on factors like market conditions, counterparty risk, the structure of the facility, and the collateral or guarantees involved.
The FRR helps in determining the potential for financial loss related to the facility and supports risk management and decision-making processes.
This “id” is designed to link to a corresponding “id” in the risk_rating schema.
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical
assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.
A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair
value and shall be used without adjustment to measure fair value whenever
available.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that
are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be
observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs
include the following:
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.
quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that
are not active.
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or
liability, for example:
interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted
intervals;
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that
relevant observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in
which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date. However, the fair value measurement objective remains the
same, ie an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market
participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, unobservable
inputs shall reflect the assumptions that market participants would use when
pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk.
The guarantee_amount is the amount covered for the deposit account under the corresponding guarantee_scheme. Firms should ensure that this number corresponds to Member State requirement “that the coverage level for the aggregate deposits of each depositor is EUR 100 000 in the event of deposits being unavailable.” ¹
So if a customer has multiple accounts protected under the same guarantee scheme, the sum of the guarantee amounts in each of those accounts should equal EUR 100 000 or the national equivalent.
Deposit guarantee scheme or ‘DGS’ means any scheme referred to in point (a), (b) or (c) of Article 1(2) of the DGS Directive:
Article 1.2
This Directive shall apply to:
(a) statutory DGSs;
(b) contractual DGSs that are officially recognised as DGSs in accordance with Article 4(2);
(c) institutional protection schemes that are officially recognised as DGSs in accordance with Article 4(2);
“(2) (as defined in the PD Regulation) any arrangement intended to ensure that any obligation material to the issue will be duly serviced, whether in the form of guarantee, surety, keep well agreement, mono-line insurance policy or other equivalent commitment.”
Headcount refers to the average full-time staff of the company. Part-time or temporary staff may be counted on a pro-rata basis. This figure is typically available in a company’s last annual report.
ASU 2017-12 hedge designations allowed in conjunction with partial-term hedging election in ASC 815-20-25-12b(2)(ii). These designations are described in ASC 815-20-25-12A and 815-25-35-13B.
The type of hedge (fair value or cash flow hedge) associated with the holding. Whether it is hedging individually or is hedging as part of a portfolio of assets with similar risk that are hedged as a group in line with ASC 815-20-25-12 (b), ASC 815-20-2512A, or ASC 815-10-25-15.
In the case of a designated fair value hedge, the portion of the asset being hedged, as determined according to ASC 815-20-25-12 (b) and ASC 815-20-25-12A.
The hedged_percentage should be recorded as a percentage in decimal format. There is no restriction to the precision of the number (number of decimal places).
The hqla_class of a security product is the classification of the security with regard to specified levels of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) as defined in Basel III regulation as part of The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and liquidity risk monitoring tools key reforms:
The objective of the LCR is to promote the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile of banks. It does this by ensuring that banks have an adequate stock of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) that can be converted easily and immediately in private markets into cash to meet their liquidity needs for a 30 calendar day liquidity stress scenario. The LCR will improve the banking sector’s ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress, whatever the source, thus reducing the risk of spillover from the financial sector to the real economy.
Assets that do not qualify for any of the HQLA classes set out in Chapter 2 of the LCR Regulation (or otherwise deemed ineligible by the firm or it’s national supervisor) should be classified as ineligible.
The exclude identifier is used to provide a manual override to exclude certain securities from an HQLA report for credit enhancement or for operational reasons according to LCR Article 8 and in particular:
Assets used to provide credit enhancement in structured transactions or to cover operational costs of the credit institutions shall not be deemed as readily accessible to a credit institution.
The id property appears in almost every schema and is the unique identifier for that product, customer, transaction etc. within the financial institution. This field is important because it serves as the common identifier that is retained as data passes from one system to another.
A unique identifier allows a transaction to be traced back to the payer or originator, by accompanying transfers of funds.
Users should be careful that when aggregating similar data from different sources, that unique ids are maintained to avoid conflicts or overwriting of data.
Impairment refers to the amount of loss allowances that are held against or are allocated to the instrument on the reporting reference date. This data attribute applies to instruments subject to impairment under the applied accounting standard. Under IFRS, the accumulated impairment relates to the following amounts:
loss allowance at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses;
loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.
Under GAAP, the accumulated impairment relates to the following
amounts:
loss allowance at an amount equal to general allowances;
loss allowance at an amount equal to specific allowances.
A financial asset or group of assets is impaired, and impairment losses are recognised, only if there is objective evidence as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset. An entity is required to assess at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence of impairment. If any such evidence exists, the entity is required to do a detailed impairment calculation to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognised. The amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.
Assets that are individually assessed and for which no impairment exists are grouped with financial assets with similar credit risk statistics and collectively assessed for impairment.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss relating to a financial asset carried at amortised cost or a debt instrument carried as available-for-sale decreases due to an event occurring after the impairment was originally recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss. Impairments relating to investments in available-for-sale equity instruments are not reversed through profit or loss.
For example, a loan is considered to be impaired when it is probable that not all of the related principal and interest payments will be collected. The impairment_amount for a loan is the allowance for loan impairments set aside by the firm that accounts for the event that the loan becomes impaired in the future.
An impairment allowance can be based on the examination of individual receivables, or groups of similar types of receivables. The creditor can use any impairment measurement method that is practical for the creditor’s circumstances. When loans are aggregated for analysis purposes, you can use historical statistics to derive the estimated amount of impairment. The amount of impairment to recognize should be based on the present value of expected future cash flows, though a loan’s market price or the fair value of the related collateral can also be used. It is possible that there is no need to establish a reserve for an impaired loan if the value of the related collateral is at least as much as the recorded value of the loan.
NOTE: due to ambiguities in definitions and differences in credit grade and risk stage models, unexpected combinations like IFRS “stage_1” and “doubtful” may be present in a firm’s data. To avoid passing judgement on an internal model, we include all 15 combinations of stages and credit grades should firms choose to define their own hierarchy.
Under IFRS9 accounting principles, impairment must be recognised in stages and this standard is being adopted globally. Historically, at the most granular level, agencies are largely adopting and documenting industry best practices. Some jurisdictions employ even more detailed assessments with 10 or more categories going in to more granular detail.
Some agencies may also refer to classified loans as those that fall in substandard, doubtful and loss categories (occassionally watch/special mention as well).
stage_1 assets are financial instruments that either have not deteriorated significantly in credit quality since initial recognition or have low credit risk. In this stage, financial institutions must recognise the expected credit losses that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.
This refers to loans where borrowers are current in meeting commitments and
full repayment of interest and principal is not in doubt.
MAS 612:
This indicates that timely repayment of the outstanding credit facility is
not in doubt. Repayment is prompt and the credit facility does not exhibit any
potential weakness in repayment capability, business, cash flow or financial
position of the borrower.
This refers to loans where borrowers are experiencing difficulties which may threaten the institution’s position. Ultimate loss is not expected at this stage but could occur if adverse conditions persist. These loans exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:
a) early signs of liquidity problems such as delay in servicing loans;
b) inadequate loan information such as annual audited financial statements not obtained or available;
c) the condition of and control over collateral is questionable;
d) failure to obtain proper documentation or non-cooperation by the borrower or difficulty in keeping contact with him;
e) slowdown in business or adverse trend in the borrower’s operations that
signals a potential weakness in the financial strength of the borrower but
which has not reached a point where servicing of the loan is jeopardised;
f) volatility in economic or market conditions which may in the future affect the borrower negatively;
g) poor performance in the industry in which the borrower operates;
h) the borrower or in the case of corporate borrowers, a key executive, is in ill health;
i) borrower is the subject of litigation which may have a significant impact on
his financial position; and/or
j) even if the loan in question is current, the borrower is having difficulty in servicing other loans (either from the institution concerned or from other
institutions).
MAS 612:
this indicates that the credit facility exhibits potential weaknesses that, if not corrected in a timely manner, may adversely affect repayment by the borrower at a future date, and warrant close attention by a bank. Characteristics of “special mention” credit facilities include the following:
(i) a declining trend in the operations of the borrower that signals a potential weakness in the financial position of the borrower, but not to the point that repayment is jeopardised;
(ii) economic and market conditions that may unfavourably affect the profitability and business of the borrower in the future.
stage_2 assets are those which have experienced a significant change in the estimated default risk over the remaining expected life of the financial instrument. In this stage, financial institutions must recognise the expected credit losses that result from default events over the full lifetime of the financial instrument.
For stage 2 assets, interest revenue is also accrued on the gross carrying amount.
Determination of Significant Increase in Credit Risk:
Determination of whether SICR has occurred or not is required at each reporting date
The assessment must use the change in the Default Risk over the expected life of the financial instrument, hence specifically not the change in the amount of expected credit losses
The comparison is between the Default Risk as estimated at the reporting date and the Default Risk at initial recognition (it is a relative assessment)
The assessment must use Reasonable and Supportable Information (see below for examples)
If an instrument initially deemed to be Low Credit Risk continues being assessed as such, it is deemed that there has been no significant increase
Risk Increase Indicators
Risk Indicators the can establish whether there has been a significant increase in risk vary considerably depending on the nature of the borrower, the product type, internal management methods and external market resources.
Elements to Consider
Quantitative Elements: Scorecards or Risk Rating Systems after setting thresholds for determining what constitutes SICR in terms of the score or rating
Qualitative Elements
Backstop Indicators
Low Credit Risk exception
The following lists provide some examples:
Internal (Management) Indicators
Significant changes in internal price indicators of credit risk (the credit spread / premium that would be charged currently for similar risk)
Other changes in the rates of terms of an existing financial instrument that would be significantly different if the instrument was newly originated
Significant changes in external market indicators of credit risk for a particular financial instrument or similar financial instruments with the same expected life
Changes in the entity’s credit management approach in relation to the financial instrument; ie based on emerging indicators of changes in the credit risk of the financial instrument, the entity’s credit risk management practice is expected to become more active or to be focused on managing the instrument, including the instrument becoming more closely monitored or controlled, or the entity specifically intervening with the borrower
Expected changes in the loan documentation including an expected breach of contract that may lead to covenant waivers or amendments, interest payment holidays, interest rate step-ups, requiring additional collateral or guarantees, or other changes to the contractual framework of the instrument
Past due information
Significant increases in credit risk on other financial instruments of the same borrower.
Significant changes in the expected performance and behaviour of the borrower, including changes in the payment status of borrowers in the group (for example, an increase in the expected number or extent of delayed contractual payments or significant increases in the expected number of credit card borrowers who are expected to approach or exceed their credit limit or who are expected to be paying the minimum monthly amount)
A significant change in the quality of the guarantee provided by a shareholder (or an individual’s parents) if the shareholder (or parents) have an incentive and financial ability to prevent default by capital or cash infusion.
Significant changes, such as reductions in financial support from a parent entity or other affiliate or an actual or expected significant change in the quality of credit enhancement, that are expected to reduce the borrower’s economic incentive to make scheduled contractual payments. Credit quality enhancements or support include the consideration of the financial condition of the guarantor and/or, for interests issued in securitisations, whether subordinated interests are expected to be capable of absorbing expected credit losses (for example, on the loans underlying the security).
External (Market) Indicators
Credit spreads
Credit default swap prices for the borrower
Length of time (duration) or the extent (degree) to which the fair value of a financial asset is less then the amortised cost
Other market information related to the borrower
Significant change in the value of the collateral supporting the obligation or in the quality of third-party guarantees or credit enhancements, which are expected to reduce the borrower’s economic incentive to make scheduled contractual payments or to otherwise have an effect on the probability of a default occurring. For example, if the value of collateral declines because house prices decline, borrowers in some jurisdictions have a greater incentive to default on their mortgages.
Actual or expected significant downgrade in an external credit rating
Existing or forecast adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions that are expected to cause a significant change in the borrower’s ability to meet its debt obligations, such as an actual or expected increase in interest rates or an actual or expected significant increase in unemployment rates
An actual or expected significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the borrower that results in a significant change in the borrower’s ability to meet its debt obligations, such as a decline in the demand for the borrower’s sales product because of a shift in technology.
Actual or expected significant internal credit rating downgrade or decrease (worsening) in behavioural scoring used to assess credit risk internally
Actual or expected significant change in the operating results of the borrower. Examples include actual or expected declining revenues or margins, increasing operating risks, working capital deficiencies, decreasing asset quality, increased balance sheet leverage, liquidity, management problems or changes in the scope of business or organisational structure (such as the discontinuance of a segment of the business) that results in a significant change in the borrower’s ability to meet its debt obligations.
Example
For the purpose of the EBA 2018 EU-Wide Stress Test projections banks shall, as a backstop, assume that Stage 1 assets which experience a threefold increase of annual point-in-time PD compared to the corresponding value at initial recognition (i.e. a 200% relative increase) undergo a significant increase in credit risk (SICR) and hence become Stage 2. Notably the backstop is defined with reference to the annual PD, not the lifetime PD.
This refers to loans where borrowers are displaying a definable weakness that is likely to jeopardise repayment. The institution is relying heavily on available security. This would include loans where some loss of principal or interest is possible after taking account of the “net realisable value” of security, and rescheduled loans where concessions have been made to a customer on interest or principal such as to render the loan “non-commercial” to the bank. These loans exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:
a) repayment of principal and/or interest has been overdue for more than three months and the net realisable value of security is insufficient to cover the payment of principal and accrued interest;
b) even where principal and accrued interest are fully secured, a “substandard” classification will usually be justified where repayment of principal and/or interest is overdue* for more than 12 months;
c) in the case of unsecured or partially secured loans, a “substandard” classification may also be justified, even if the overdue period is less than three months, where other significant deficiencies are present which threaten the borrower’s business, cash flow and payment capability. These include:
credit history or performance record is not satisfactory;
labour disputes or unresolved management problems which may affect the business, production or profitability of the borrower;
increased borrowings not in proportion with the borrower’s business;
the borrower experiencing difficulties in repaying obligations to other creditors;
MAS 612:
this indicates that the credit facility exhibits definable weaknesses, either in respect of the business, cash flow or financial position of the borrower that may jeopardise repayment on existing terms. Characteristics of “substandard” credit facilities include the following:
(i) inability of the borrower to meet contractual repayment terms of the credit facility;
(ii) unfavourable economic and market conditions or operating problems that would affect the profitability and business of the borrower in the future;
(iii) weak financial condition or the inability of the borrower to generate sufficient cash flow to service the payments;
(iv) difficulties experienced by the borrower in repaying other credit facilities granted by the same bank, or by other financial institutions (where such information is available);
(v) breach of any key financial covenants by the borrower.
A bank shall assess the severity of each weakness exhibited by the credit facility and consider whether the weakness, when considered singly and in combination with other weaknesses, would adversely affect the repayment ability of the borrower.
stage_3 assets are those which whose credit quality has detiorated to the extent that they show objective evidence of a credit loss event. Practically, these would have been those assets which, under the previous IAS 39 accounting standards would have been considered impairment allowances. In this stage, financial institutions must also recognise the expected credit losses that result from default events over the full lifetime of the financial instrument.
Furthermore, interest revenue should also be accrued on the net carrying amount.
This refers to loans where collection in full is improbable and the institution expects to sustain a loss of principal and/or interest after taking account of the net realisable value of security. Doubtful loans exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:
a) repayment of principal and/or interest has been overdue for more than six months and the net realisable value of security is insufficient to cover the payment of principal and accrued interest; and/or
b) in the case of unsecured or partially secured loans, a shorter overdue period may also justify a “doubtful” classification if other serious deficiencies, such as default, death, bankruptcy or liquidation of the borrower, are detected or if the borrower’s whereabouts are unknown.
MAS 612:
this indicates that the outstanding credit facility exhibits more severe weaknesses than those in a “substandard” credit facility, such that the prospect of full recovery of the outstanding credit facility is questionable and the prospect of a loss is high, but the exact amount remains undeterminable as yet. Consumer loans past due for 120 days or more, but less than 180 days fall under this classification.
This refers to loans which are considered uncollectible after exhausting all collection efforts such as realisation of collateral, institution of legal proceedings, etc.
MAS 612:
this indicates that the outstanding credit facility is not collectable, and little or nothing can be done to recover the outstanding amount from any collateral or from the assets of the borrower generally. Consumer loans past due for 180 days or more fall under this classification.
From Annex 5, FINREP ITS: An exposure shall be ‘in litigation status’ where legal action against the debtor has formally been taken. This comprises cases where a court of law confirmed that formal judiciary proceedings have occurred or the judiciary system has been notified of the intention to commence legal proceedings. eba-680
From Annex 5, FINREP ITS: An exposure shall be ‘in pre-litigation status’ where the debtor has been formally notified that the institution will take legal action against the debtor within a defined time period, unless certain contractual or other payment obligations are met. That shall also include cases where the contract has been terminated by the reporting institution because the debtor is in formal breach of the terms and conditions of the contract and the debtor has been notified accordingly, but no legal action against the debtor has formally been taken by the institution yet. eba-680
Under IAS 39, a financial asset or group of assets is impaired, and impairment losses are recognised, only if there is objective evidence as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset. An entity is required to assess at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence of impairment. If any such evidence exists, the entity is required to do a detailed impairment calculation to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognised. The amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.
Assets that are individually assessed and for which no impairment exists are grouped with financial assets with similar credit risk statistics and collectively assessed for impairment.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss relating to a financial asset carried at amortised cost or a debt instrument carried as available-for-sale decreases due to an event occurring after the impairment was originally recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss. Impairments relating to investments in available-for-sale equity instruments are not reversed through profit or loss.
Assets that can be impaired include land, buildings, machinery and equipment, loan portfolio, investment property, goodwill, intangible assets, investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
With regards to loans, there are three categories they can fall into:
To be used if the instrument is subject to impairment in accordance with an applied accounting standard and is collectively assessed for impairment by being grouped together with instruments with similar credit risk characteristics.
Write-offs relate to amounts where the lender has no expectation of ever being able to recover value from the collateral or otherwise. It can relate to a financial asset in its entirety or to a portion of it. For example, an entity plans to enforce the collateral on a financial asset and expects to recover no more than 30 per cent of the financial asset from the collateral. If the entity has no reasonable prospects of recovering any further cash flows from the financial asset, it should write off the remaining 70 per cent of the financial asset.
The FCA defines single and joint income loans as follows:
Single income basis. This means only one person’s income was taken into account when making the lending assessment/decision.
Joint income basis. This means that two or more persons’ incomes were used in the lending assessment/decision.
Single income loans which MLAR notes E1/2 MLAR notes E1/2 defines as where “the lender has no independent documentary evidence to verify income (e.g. as provided by an employer’s reference, a bank statement, a salary slip, a P60, or audited/certified accounts.”
Joint income loans which MLAR notes E1/2 MLAR notes E1/2 defines as where “the lender has no independent documentary evidence to verify income (e.g. as provided by an employer’s reference, a bank statement, a salary slip, a P60, or audited/certified accounts.”
The amount of credit valuation adjustements being recognised by the institution as an incurred write-down, calculated without taking into account any offsetting debit value adjustment attributed to the firm’s own credit risk, that has been already excluded from own funds.
Decimal value representing the proportion of a reference_id in the allocated index. We expect the sum of all weights to equal 1 but we do not enforce this validation.
initial margin means the collateral collected by a counterparty to cover its current and potential future exposure in the interval between the last collection of margin and the liquidation of positions or hedging of market risk following a default of the other counterparty;
The internal_rating identifies the different categorizes for exposures that have no external ratings. Financial organizations can assign internal ratings to rate and categorize these exposures to get different risk weight assignments.
For corporate unrated exposures, firms may categorize as “investment grade”, “non-investment grade” or non-category. Reference OSFI, Chapter 4, P62-
An “investment grade” corporate is a corporate entity that has adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments in a timely manner and its ability to do so is assessed to be robust against adverse changes in the economic cycle and business conditions. When making this determination, the bank should assess the corporate entity against the investment grade definition taking into account the complexity of its business model, performance against industry and peers, and risks posed by the entity’s operating environment. Moreover, the corporate entity (or its parent company) must have securities outstanding on a recognised securities exchange.
“a 12-character, alphanumeric code which uniquely identifies a financial instrument and provides for the uniform identification of securities at trading and settlement.”
An ISIN uniquely identifies a security. Its structure is defined in ISO 6166. Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks and warrants.
ISINs consist of two alphabetic characters, which are the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the issuing country, nine alpha-numeric digits (the National Securities Identifying Number, or NSIN, which identifies the security), and one numeric check digit. The NSIN is issued by a national numbering agency (NNA) for that country. Regional substitute NNAs have been allocated the task of functioning as NNAs in those countries where NNAs have not yet been established.
NNAs cooperate through the Association of National Numbering Agencies (ANNA). ANNA also functions as the ISO 6166 Registration Authority (RA).
Indicates the type of placement for issuances. For example, private placements, other non-publicly offered securites, publicly offered securities or direct purchase municipal securities.
Securities that are sold directly to a small number of institutional or accredited investors, rather than through a public offering. These are typically exempt from registration requirements with regulatory authorities.
Securities that are not publicly traded and are offered to a limited number of investors, but may not meet the specific criteria for private placements.
Securities that are offered to the general public through a registered offering process, typically involving an underwriter and compliance with full disclosure requirements.
The issue_size represents the number of bonds issued during the offering multiplied by the their face value.
This is a monetary type and as [it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits][floats], we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding [‘E’][E] value.
The last date on which the loan was in arrears (customer failed to make a payment on time and in full).
Relevant for determining “transactors” as per the Basel Framework 20.66:
“Transactors” are obligors in relation to facilities such as credit cards and charge cards where the balance has been repaid in full at each scheduled repayment date for the previous 12 months. Obligors in relation to overdraft facilities would also be considered as transactors if there has been no drawdown over the previous 12 months.
The date on which the last drawdown occurred for this account (ie. overdraft).
Relevant for determining “transactors” as per the Basel Framework 20.66:
“Transactors” are obligors in relation to facilities such as credit cards and charge cards where the balance has been repaid in full at each scheduled repayment date for the previous 12 months. Obligors in relation to overdraft facilities would also be considered as transactors if there has been no drawdown over the previous 12 months.
Relevant for determining “transactors” as per OSFI BCAR Framework Chapter 4 P 84:
Transactors are obligors in relation to facilities such as credit cards and charge cards with an interest free grace period, where the accrued interest over the previous 12 months is less than $50, or obligors in relation to overdraft facilities or lines of credit would also be considered as transactors if there has been no drawdowns over the previous 12 months
The last_payment_date is the final interest payment for the account or loan. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The last_recovery_date is the most recent date on which a cash recovery was received on a defaulted exposure, including payments from the obligor or proceeds from collateral or guarantees. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The last_write_off_date is is the most recent date on which any portion of the defaulted exposure was written off, in whole or in part, according to the institution’s internal accounting or recovery policies. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
Payoff type of a derivative leg, which may be a stand-alone trade (e.g. fra, cap), or part of an instrument refered to in the derivative_type attibute (eg. vanilla_swap). The atribute is an enum with the following members:
cashflows are floating interest amount linked to a rate index ((e.g. USD_LIBOR_BBA) populated in the underlying_index attribute; the notional amount is fixed (not indexed). Used only for the interest rate asset class.
cashflows are linked to the performance/price variation of an underlying index (e.g inflation, equity index, security price, etc.) for transactions in all asset classes
According to the Legal Entity Identifier Regulatory Oversight Committee, the Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) is a 20-character reference code to uniquely identify legally distinct entities that engage in financial transactions and associated reference data. Two fundamental principles of the LEI code are:
Uniqueness: an LEI is assigned to a unique entity. Once assigned to an entity, and even if this entity has for instance ceased to exist, a code should never be assigned to another entity.
Exclusivity: a legal entity that has obtained an LEI cannot obtain another one. Entities may port the maintenance of their LEI from one operator to another. The LEI remains unchanged in the process.
You will find below information on the structure of LEI codes, the components of the reference data associated to each LEI and the definition of entities eligible to obtain an LEI.
Entities who wish to obtain an LEI should consult the page, How to Obtain an LEI. The GLEIF publishes a centralised data base of LEIs.
The number allocation scheme was further specified in Annex 2 of the Financial Stability Board’s third progress note on the Global LEI Initiative on 24 October 2012:
Characters 1-4: A four character prefix allocated uniquely to each Local Operating Unit (LOU) issuing LEIs. This prefix identifies (except for LEIs issued before 30 November 2012) the LOU that first issued the LEI and contributes to avoiding that different LOUs would assign the same LEI. However, the entity might have subsequently ported the maintenance of its LEI to a different LOU. Use the GLEIF search function to check which LOU is maintaining an LEI (”Managing LOU” field) and go to this LOU’s website to update the reference data of the entity or certify that it is still up-to-date.
Characters 5-6: Two reserved characters set to zero.
Characters 7-18: Entity-specific part of the code generated and assigned by LOUs according to transparent, sound and robust allocation policies.
Characters 19-20: Two check digits as described in the ISO 17442 standards. The check digit scheme follows ISO/IEC 7064 (MOD 97-10) and contributes to avoiding typing errors.
[ISO 17442:2012]]isolink states that the ISO standard “specifies the elements of an unambiguous Legal Entity Identifier scheme to identify the legal entities relevant to any financial transaction”.
The term “legal entities” includes, but is not limited to, unique parties that are legally or financially responsible for the performance of financial transactions or have the legal right in their jurisdiction to enter independently into legal contracts, regardless of whether they are incorporated or constituted in some other way (e.g. trust, partnership, contractual). It excludes natural persons, but includes governmental organizations and supranationals.” ¹
Individuals acting in a business capacity are eligible to an LEI under certain conditions described by the ROC on 30 September 2015.
A policy document published by the ROC on 11 July 2016 sets forth the policy design, definitions, and conditions for issuance of LEIs for international branches (also known as foreign branches). Implementation is expected to start in early 2017, subject to ROC concurrence with an appropriate framework being established to ensure that the conditions described in this document are met.
As specified in ISO 17442:2012, the reference data stored in the LEI data base for each entity includes:
The official name of the legal entity;
The address of the headquarters of the legal entity;
The address of legal formation;
The date of the first LEI assignment;
The date of last update of the LEI;
The date of expiry, if applicable;
For entities with a date of expiry, the reason for the expiry should be recorded, and if applicable, the LEI of the entity that acquired the expired entity;
The official business registry where the foundation of the legal entity is mandated to be recorded on formation of the entity, where applicable;
The reference in the official business registry to the registered entity, where applicable.
The ROC adopted a common data format (CDF) in 2014 defining with more granularity the content of an LEI record.
Beyond the “level 1” “business card” information described above and already collected by the Global LEI System, the objective is to progressively extend the reference data to “level 2” data on relationships among entities. As a first step, the ROC established in December 2014 a task force to develop a proposal for collecting in the Global LEI System information on the direct and ultimate parents of legal entities. A public consultation was launched on 7 September 2015 on this topic. Phased implementation of such information is expected to begin in 2016.
The lgd_downturn property of a loan represents the loss given default in the event of an economic downturn. It is a percentage between 0 and 1, and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The lgd_floored property of a product represents the final loss given default value after all the floors set out in OSFI, Chapter 5 (P98-99, P144) have been applied. Used for RWA calculations in the internal ratings based (IRB) approach.
The lgd_irb property represents the loss given default, which is the estimated amount lost on an exposure from the default of a counterparty. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in regulatory capital calculations in the internal ratings based (IRB approach)
The lgd_irb_ec property represents the loss given default, which is the estimated amount lost on an exposure from the default of a counterparty. Expressed as a percentage between 0 and 1. This value is used in economic capital calculations in the internal ratings based (IRB approach)
Loss Given Default represents the expected percentage of exposure that would be lost in the event of default. The maximum LGD reflects the highest estimated loss for a given facility, considering factors such as collateral, recovery rates, and jurisdictional regulations.
Loss Given Default represents the expected percentage of exposure that would be lost in the event of default. The minimum LGD reflects the lowest estimated loss for a given facility, considering factors such as collateral, recovery rates, and jurisdictional regulations.
The limit_amount parameter describes the total credit limit on the loan or account (overdraft). The monetary type is represented as an integer number of cents/pence. Note that for loans this is typically a positive number (as balances are positive) and a negative number for accounts (where a negative balance denotes an overdraft).
For a regulated credit agreement for running-account credit the firm, in making its creditworthiness assessment or the assessment required by ■ CONC 5.2.2R (Creditworthiness assessment: before agreement):
(a) should consider the customer’s ability to repay the maximum amount of credit available (equivalent to the credit limit) under the agreement within a reasonable period;
(b) may, in considering what is a reasonable period in which to repay the maximum amount of credit available, have regard to the typical time required for repayment that would apply to a fixed sum unsecured personal loan for an amount equal to the credit limit; and
(c) should not use the assumption of the amount necessary to make only the minimum repayment each month.
For a regulated credit agreement for running-account credit the firm should set the credit limit based on the creditworthiness assessment or the assessment required by ■ CONC 5.2.2R (1) and taking into account the matters in ■ CONC 5.2.3 G, and, in particular, the information it has on the customer’s current disposable income taking into account any reasonably foreseeable future changes.
An example of a reasonably foreseeable future change in disposable income which a firm should take into account in setting a credit limit may include where a customer is known to be, or it is reasonably foreseeable that a customer is, close to retirement and faces a significant fall in disposable income.
“a loan to a firm secured on specific land or buildings, under the terms of which the lender has no claim on the other assets of the firm nor on assets for which the firm is accountable in any circumstances (including a winding up).”
In a credit support annex, the margin_frequency is the periodic timescale at which variation margin is exchanged.
In the Margin Requirements for non-cleared derivatives, a sufficient frequency for exchanging variation margin is defined as daily.
In the CRR, the margin_frequency is used in Article 285 in order to derive the margin period of risk.
The margin_period_of_risk attribute (expressed in business days) allows institutions to provide their own estimate of the margin period of risk (MPOR) used to calculate the maturity factor for margined transactions. (CRR Art 279c(1)(b)).
If left empty, the MPOR should be assumed to be equal to the regulatory floor defined in CRR Art. 285(2) of 5, 10 or 20 business days:
For transactions subject to daily re-margining and mark-to-market valuation, the margin period of risk used for the purpose of modelling the exposure value with margin agreements shall not be less than:
(a) 5 business days for netting sets consisting only of repurchase transactions, securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions and margin lending transactions;
(b) 10 business days for all other netting sets.
Points (a) and (b) of paragraph 2 shall be subject to the following exceptions:
(a) for all netting sets where the number of trades exceeds 5 000 at any point during a quarter, the margin period of risk for the following quarter shall not be less than 20 business days. This exception shall not apply to institutions’ trade exposures;
(b) for netting sets containing one or more trades involving either illiquid collateral, or an OTC derivative that cannot be easily replaced, the margin period of risk shall not be less than 20 business days.
The maturity_date property represents the date at which an investor can expect to have the principal of their investment repaid and the date before which this instrument must be repaid in order not to be in default (as in securitisation regulations).
It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The Market Identifier Code falls under International Standards Organisation 10383 and is used to identify entities such as exchanges, trading platforms, regulated or non-regulated markets and trade reporting facilities as sources of prices and related information. For the purpose of MIFID II Transaction Reporting the MIC code will identify the venue where the transaction was executed.
MIFID II Transaction Reporting states that the segment MIC code (i.e the MIC that identifies the segment of one of the above entities) can be used for transactions executed on a trading venue, Systematic Internaliser (SI) (as defined in Article 4(1)(20) of Directive 2014/65/EU;) or organised trading platform outside of the Union. Where a segment MIC does not exist, an operating MIC can be used.
Under MIFIR transaction reporting rules, firms should use the MIC code XOFF for financial instruments admitted to trading, or traded on a trading venue or for which a request for admission was made, where the transaction on that financial instrument is not executed on a trading venue, SI or organised trading platform outside of the Union, or where an investment firm does not know it is trading with another investment firm acting as an SI.
Alternatively firms should use the MIC code XXXX for financial instruments that are not admitted to trading or traded on a trading venue or for which no request for admission has been made and that are not traded on an organised trading platform outside of the Union but where the underlying is admitted to trading or traded on a trading venue.
In a credit support annex, the minimum_transfer_amount is the minimum amount that can be transferred for any collateral margin call. It is defined here.
The mna_id is the unique identifier of the Master Netting Agreement the security/derivative falls under. Typically where used as derivatives collateral.
The MNA refers to the netting agreement defined in the CRR Article 296:
The following conditions shall be fulfilled by all contractual netting agreements used by an institution for the purposes of determining exposure value in this Part:
(a) the institution has concluded a contractual netting agreement with its counterparty which creates a single legal obligation, covering all included transactions, such that, in the event of default by the counterparty it would be entitled to receive or obliged to pay only the net sum of the positive and negative mark-to-market values of included individual transactions;
(c) credit risk to each counterparty is aggregated to arrive at a single legal exposure across transactions with each counterparty. This aggregation shall be factored into credit limit purposes and internal capital purposes;
(d) the contract shall not contain any clause which, in the event of default of a counterparty, permits a non-defaulting counterparty to make limited payments only, or no payments at all, to the estate of the defaulting party, even if the defaulting party is a net creditor (i.e. walk away clause).
This loan has been acquired on its own or part of a larger portfolio acquisition from another firm or has been acquired due to a group restructuring or acquisition.
These assets are those which are “credit impaired” at the time of purchase. For these assets, events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows have already occurred. Also known as “Purchased or Originated credit-impaired” assets
This loan has been packaged or securitised with one or more loans.
The REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL laying down common rules on securitisation and creating a European framework for simple, transparent and standardised securitisation and amending Directives 2009/65/EC, 2009/138/EC, 2011/61/EU and Regulations (EC) No 1060/2009 and (EU) No 648/2012 states that:
“Securitisation refers to transactions that enable a lender or other originator of assets – typically a credit institution – to refinance a set of loans or assets (e.g. mortgages, auto leases, consumer loans, credit cards) by converting them into securities. The lender or originator organises a portfolio of its loans into different risk categories, tailored to the risk/reward appetite of investors. Returns to investors are generated from the cash flows of the underlying loans. These markets are not aimed at retail investors.”
A syndicated loan is one that is provided by a group of lenders and is structured, arranged, and administered by one or several commercial banks or investment banks known as lead arrangers.
The clean price of a security/derivative is the price excluding any interest that has accrued since issue or the most recent coupon payment. This is to be compared to the dirty price, which is the price of a security/derivative including the accrued interest.
When a bond is bought or sold midway through a coupon period, a certain amount of coupon interest will have accrued. The coupon payment is always received by the person holding the bond at the time of the coupon payment (as the bond will then be registered in his name). Because he may not have held the bond throughout the coupon period, he will need to pay the previous holder some ‘compensation’ for the amount of interest which accrued during his ownership. In order to calculate the accrued interest, we need to know the number of days in the accrued interest period, the number of days in the coupon period, and the money amount of the coupon
payment. In most bond markets, accrued interest is calculated on the following basis:-
((Coupon interest) x (no. of days that have passed in coupon period))/(total no of days in the coupon period)
Prices in the market are usually quoted on a clean basis (i.e. without accrued) but settled on a dirty basis (i.e. with accrued).
The dirty price of a security/derivative is the price including any interest that has accrued since issue or the most recent coupon payment. This is to be compared to the clean price, which is the price of a security/derivative excluding the accrued interest.
When a bond is bought or sold midway through a coupon period, a certain amount of coupon interest will have accrued. The coupon payment is always received by the person holding the bond at the time of the coupon payment (as the bond will then be registered in his name). Because he may not have held the bond throughout the coupon period, he will need to pay the previous holder some ‘compensation’ for the
amount of interest which accrued during his ownership. In order to calculate the accrued interest, we need to know the number of days in the accrued interest period, the number of days in the coupon period, and the money amount of the coupon payment. In most bond markets, accrued interest is calculated on the following basis:-
((Coupon interest) x (no. of days that have passed in coupon period))/(total no of days in the coupon period)
Prices in the market are usually quoted on a clean basis (i.e. without accrued) but settled on a dirty basis (i.e. with accrued).
From: Eurostat
The Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community, abbreviated as NACE, is the classification of economic activities in the European Union (EU).
From: US Census
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy.
By default, netting_restriction is not populated when netting is recognized and the agreement is risk-reducing as per CRR Articles 295 to 298.
When netting recognition does not aplly to the agreement, netting_restriction specifies the nature of the non-recognition:
The national supervisor is not satisfied that the netting is enforceable under the laws of each of the relevant jurisdictions (after consultation with other relevant supervisors, when necessary). Thus,if any of these supervisors is dissatisfied about enforceability under its laws, the netting contract or agreement will not meet this condition and neither counterparty could obtain supervisory benefit.
SFTs will not meet the condition allowable to net the cash payable and receivable if the mna_id does not include the legally enforceable right to offset or where there is no intent to settle on a net basis or simultaneously. Therefore the SFT payable and receivable cashflows will be reported gross if no_set_off_right is applied under netting_restriction. Further detail is available under Article 429b(4) of CRR
The netting contract contains clauses which, in the event of default of a counterparty, permits a non-defaulting counterparty to make limited payments only, or no payments at all, to the estate of the defaulting party, even if the defaulting party is a net creditor.
The next exercise date is the next date on which the option can be exercised.
Depending on the type of option (American, Bermudan, European etc.), this may be the first of many possible exercise dates.
It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The next_payment_date is the next time interest on the account or loan will be paid. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The next_withdrawal_date is the next time at which the customer is allowed to withdraw money from the account. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The notional amount is the face value of an instrument and indicates how much of a particular security an investor has. This is to be contrasted to the market value, which indicates how much that security could be sold for in the market.
EU Regulation with regard to regulatory technical standards on indirect clearing arrangements, the clearing obligation, the public register, access to a trading venue, non-financial counterparties, and risk mitigation techniques for OTC derivatives contracts not cleared by a CCP:
“To further mitigate risks, portfolio reconciliation enables each counterparty to undertake a comprehensive review of a portfolio of transactions as seen by its counterparty in order to promptly identify any misunderstandings of key transaction terms. Such terms should include the valuation of each transaction and may also include other relevant details such as the effective date, the scheduled maturity date, any payment or settlement dates, the notional value of the contract and currency of the transaction, the underlying instrument, the position of the counterparties, the business day convention and any relevant fixed or floating rates of the OTC derivative contract.”
The number_of_disputes is defined in accordance with Article 285(4) of the CRR:
If an institution has been involved in more than two margin call disputes on a particular netting set over the immediately preceding two quarters that have lasted longer than the applicable margin period of risk under paragraphs 2 and 3, the institution shall use a margin period of risk that is at least double the period specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 for that netting set for the subsequent two quarters.
The on_balance_sheet property is a boolean (true/false) indicator to determine if the relevant loan or account is an on or off-balance sheet asset or liability as reported on the balance sheet in the audited financial statements of the institution.
The risk classification of off-balance sheet items can be found in ANNEX I of the CRR.
The orig_credit_score is the credit score of the customer at the origination of the product using a commercially available credit bureau score (e.g. FICO Score, VantageScore, or another qualifying credit score).
The orig_limit_amount is the the original line of credit anount that was granted at the origination of the facility.
It is used to assess the orignal Loan-To-Value (LTV) for a credit facility as required in some regulatory returns such as the FR Y-14Q schedule A.
This is a monetary type and as it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits, we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding ‘E’ value.
The orig_notional is the notional amount of the loan at the origination.
It is used to assess the orignal Loan-To-Value (LTV) as required in some regulatory returns such as the FR Y-14Q schedule A.
This is a monetary type and as it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits, we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding ‘E’ value.
The orig_value is the valuation as used by the bank for the collateral at the origination of the related loan or line of credit.
It is used to assess the orignal Loan-To-Value (LTV) as required in some regulatory returns such as the FR Y-14Q schedule A.
This is a monetary type and as it is impossible to squeeze infinitely many Real numbers into a finite number of bits, we represent monetary types as integer numbers of cents/pence to reduce potential rounding errors. So $10.35 becomes 1035.
Don’t forget to divide by 100 (or the relevant minor unit denomination) when presenting information to a user. The relevant minor unit denomination should be determined from the currency’s corresponding ‘E’ value.
The unique identifier used by the financial institution to identify the originator of the loan or security.
For loans, an originator typically refers to mortgages originated elsewhere from the firm and later purchased by the firm.
In the context of a security, this is commonly used in reference to the originator of a securitisation.
The type of financial institution that acted as the originator of the loan product, ie “the entity that provides credit (originates a loan), acting as a sole or a primary lender, to borrowers such as small or medium enterprises (SMEs)”.
The unique identifier for the immediate parent of the person or legal entity.
Subsidiary: an entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity (known as the parent).
Parent: an entity that has one or more subsidiaries.
For participated or syndicated credit facilities that have closed and settled, the percentage of the total loan commitment held by the reporting entity. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
Indicate if the credit facility is participated or syndicated among other financial institutions and if it is part of the Shared National Credit Program. Refer to https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportingforms/Report/Index/FR_Y-14Q for more information.
The reporting institution is acting as an agent in a syndication or participation arrangement, but the loan does not meet the definition of a Shared National Credit (SNC). The institution is responsible for administering the loan on behalf of the syndicate.
The reporting institution is acting as an agent in a Shared National Credit (SNC) arrangement. The institution is responsible for administering the loan on behalf of the syndicate and the loan meets the SNC criteria.
The reporting institution is a participant in a syndication or participation arrangement, but the loan does not meet the definition of a Shared National Credit (SNC). The institution holds a portion of the loan but is not the agent.
The reporting institution is a participant in a Shared National Credit (SNC) arrangement. The institution holds a portion of the loan that meets the SNC criteria but is not the agent.
The pd_irb property represents the probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based (IRB) methods and is used in regulatory capital calculations. It is a percentage, and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The pd_irb_ec property represents the probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based (IRB) methods and is used in economic capital calculations. It is a percentage, and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The maximum probability of default associated with the Internal Risk Rating.
This attribute indicates the highest likelihood of default for a borrower within a specific risk rating system. It is essential for financial institutions to understand the upper bounds of risk associated with borrowers to make informed lending decisions and manage their exposure effectively.
The minimum probability of default associated with the Internal Risk Rating.
This attribute indicates the lowest likelihood of default for a borrower within a specific risk rating system. Understanding the lower bounds of risk helps financial institutions assess their overall exposure and establish appropriate risk mitigation strategies.
The pd_retail_irb property of a loan represents the retail probability of default as determined by internal ratings-based (IRB) methods. It is a percentage between 0 and 1, and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The postal or ZIP code of the property or business associated with the loan. This field should follow the standard format for the country where the property is located.
The prev_payment_date is the previous time interest on the account or loan was paid. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
With regard to a customer, the product_count parameter clarifies the number of active non-loan products/trades a customer has with a firm. Represented as a naturally positive integer number that is greater than or equal to 1.
The FIRE schemas are designed to be standardised and not firm specific to allow for firm-independent logic to be applied to data. However, every firm has unique product names which can be extremely important for the understanding and investigation of a firm’s data. This can also be particularly useful to business users when reviewing data underlying a regulatory submission.
Therefore, the product_name property is included to allow firms to add a proprietary string describing the product name or category for analytics and MI purposes.
The amount of reserves that is provisioned by the financial institution to cover the potential loss on the loan. Monetary type is represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.
FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard Applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (Provisions and Contingencies):
“A provision is recognised only when a past event has created a present obligation at the reporting date, an outflow of economic benefits is probable and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably. An obligation arises when an entity has no realistic alternative to settle the obligation and can be a contractual, legal or constructive obligation. This excludes obligations that will arise from future actions, even if they are contractual, no matter how likely they are to occur.”
“Provisions are measured at the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation at the reporting date and should take into account the time value of money if it is material.”
All potential impairment indicators are identified, reported and monitored at all customer contact points
across the firm.
All potential impairment indicators, forbearance provided, volumes of live accounts and their associated
loss risks are monitored, fully reported through management and board committee structures, and
incorporated into all decision-making processes of the firm where loss risk is evaluated or used (eg
provisions, capital, credit decisions, product pricing, strategy and forecasting, and planning). This
assessment considers the forbearance actions taken and the type and level of customer difficulty.
This reporting and loss risk assessment is segmented by type of potential impairment indicator, whether
impairment exists and the severity of customer impairment, type of forbearance provided, time since last
potential impairment indicator and key loss characteristics eg LTV. Additionally, further segmentation is
considered where a difference in the performance or loss risks is evident. For example:
re-defaulters;
multiple forbearance applied;
duration of potential financial stress period or severity;
period since account recovery or last potential impairment indicator;
non-sustainable account;
use of limits activity, accounts at risk of moving into a non-sustainable position due to activity;
another account held by the customer shows potential impairment; and
loans past maturity.
The performance and loss risks of a customer where a potential impairment indicator has taken place
are considered within the whole up-to-date book only from the point when the loss risks and
performance of this mortgage can be shown to be the same as the whole.
The firm’s reporting, provisions and capital assessment are undertaken in full awareness of the contract
shortfall of customers and thus the level of severity where financial stress exists or a potential
impairment indicator has taken place.
Provisions are reserves that are “provisioned” by the financial institution to cover the potential loss on a loan. See also: provision_amount
FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard Applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (Provisions and Contingencies):
“A provision is recognised only when a past event has created a present obligation at the reporting date, an outflow of economic benefits is probable and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably. An obligation arises when an entity has no realistic alternative to settle the obligation and can be a contractual, legal or constructive obligation. This excludes obligations that will arise from future actions, even if they are contractual, no matter how likely they are to occur.”
“Provisions are measured at the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation at the reporting date and should take into account the time value of money if it is material.”
Describes an account representing the contributions to deposit guarantee schemes paid by the reporting entity as defined by Annex 5 Part 2.48i of the EBA ITS on supervisory reporting.
Describes an account representing the contributions to resolution funds paid by the reporting entity as defined by Annex 5 Part 2.48i of the EBA ITS on supervisory reporting.
Subcategory of deposits for which the interest is paid in a separate account held at a third party bank.
A liability to a natural person or to an SME, where the natural person or the SME would qualify for the retail exposure class under the Standardised or IRB approaches for credit risk, or a liability to a company which is eligible for the treatment set out in Article 153(4) and where the aggregate deposits by all such enterprises on a group basis do not exceed EUR 1 million.
The ci_service enum value refers to accounts covered by central institution services or held within a cooperative network.
Opening paragraph 12 of the LCR states that liquidity calculations should take into account:
centralised management of liquidity in cooperative and institutional protection scheme networks where the central institution or body plays a role akin to a central bank because the members of the network do not typically have direct access to the latter.
Appropriate rules should, therefore, recognise as liquid assets the sight deposits which are made by the members of the network with the central institution and other liquidity funding available to those from the central institution.
Assets placed as a ci_service should be considered unencumbered inaccordance with Artcle 7.2(a) of the LCR:
assets included in a pool which are available for immediate use as collateral to obtain additional funding under committed but not yet funded credit lines available to the credit institution. This shall include assets placed by a credit institution with the central institution in a cooperative network or institutional protection scheme.
The collateral enum type identifies an account or deposit received as collateral and hence, not classified as a liability for the purposes of Article 27 and 29 of the LCR. Collateral held in an account should have a corresponding id in the collateral schema
Within the context of operational deposits as defined in Artcle 27.1(d) of the LCR, the ips enum indicates that the account is maintained by the depositor to obtain cash clearing and central institution services and where the deposit taking institution belongs to an institutional protection scheme or equivalent network as referred in Article 16 of the LCR.
The clearing enum value indicates that the account or deposit is being maintained for clearing, settlement, custody or cash management services in the context of an operational relationship and hence can be treated as a very short term exposure.
Clearing and comparable services from the CRR Article 422.4:
Clearing, custody or cash management or other comparable services referred to in points (a) and (d) of paragraph 3 only covers such services to the extent that they are rendered in the context of an established relationship on which the depositor has substantial dependency. They shall not merely consist in correspondent banking or prime brokerage services and the institution shall have evidence that the client is unable to withdraw amounts legally due over a 30 day horizon without compromising its operational functioning.
Excess operational deposits are defined as the part of the operational deposits (as defined in LCR Article 27.6) held in excess of those required for the provision of operational services. The distinction between operational deposits and excess operational deposits is required for the reporting of section 1.1.3 in the ouflows section of the LCR
As opposed to short-term definition within operational, custody here refers to the long-term custody of financial assets such as those held for safekeeping by a custodian bank.
A workplace pension based on your salary and how long you’ve worked for your employer. They’re sometimes called ‘final salary’ or ‘career average’ pension schemes. https://www.gov.uk/pension-types
Describes an account held for prime brokerage reasons but not including those contained above for operational reasons. These accounts are used for prime brokerage service transactions which are in essence investment activities including securities lending, leveraged trade executions and cash management, among other things.
property (land or a building - or part of a building - or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee as a right-of-use asset) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for:
(a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or
(b) sale in the ordinary course of business.
property held (by the owner or by the lessee as a right-of-use asset) for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes.
For example, for the reporting of Notice MAS 610/1003, owner occupied property includes bank premises.
Present value of future spread income subject to prepayment risk, such as non-credit enhancing interest-only strips and deferred mortgage placement fees receivable. Required for BCAR risk weight and reporting.
This is a reserve account whose funds can only be used for purposes provided in the corporate bylaws, such as for share issue costs or issuance of bonus shares, but cannot be used for dividends.
This is a reserve that is created when an entity allocates funds to a reserve account for the purpose of complying with requirements for minimum regulatory loss allowances.
For example, MAS Notice 612 (section 6.3.7) requires locally incorporated domestic systemically important banks to maintain a minimum level of loss allowance equivalent to 1% of the gross carrying amount of selected credit exposures net of collateral. This is referred to as the Minimum Regulatory Loss Allowance. Where the entity’s Accounting Loss Allowance (calculated in accordance with the impairment requirements under FRS 109) falls below the Minimum Regulatory Loss Allowance, the entity shall maintain the difference in a non-distributable regulatory loss allowance reserve which shall be appropriated from retained earnings.
IFRS 9.6.5.2 defines a cash flow hedge as follows:
a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with all, or a component of, a recognised asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable-rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction, and could affect profit or loss.
IFRS 9 refers to the cash flow hedge reserve as the separate equity component associated with the hedged item. In hedge accounting under IFRS, this account is a key component of the recognition of a hedging relationship.
For example, in the EBA’s FINREP F.1.3 report, the effective portion of the variation in fair value of hedging derivatives in a cash flow hedge, both for ongoing cash flow hedges and cash flow hedges that no longer apply, is reported as the cash flow hedge reserve.
Cash flow hedge reclass describes an account that is the same as the standard cash flow hedge account, but one in which the profit and loss arising from the cashflow hedge is to be reclassified. It can be taken to equity, transferred to carry amount of hedged items or other reclassifications of the profit and losses.
Describes an account that holds the amount of fees receivables/payables originating from investment banking activities. This includes advisory, brokerage and underwriting activities.
Describes an account that holds the amount of fees receivables/payables originating from financial services and that do not fall under any of the other categories of fees. These could include fees receivable for guarantees payable under break clauses, fees for administering loans on behalf of other lenders.
Describes an account that holds the amount of fees receivables/payables originating from services that cannot be classified as financial. These could include executor and trustee services, computer bureau services.
Describes an account representing the amount of deferred tax non-deductible, reliant on future profitability and do not arise from temporary differences.
Describes an account that holds the amount of profits or losses arising from the purchase, sale and holdings of interest-rated related balance sheet securities.
Describes an account that holds the Net Spread Earnings (NSE) amount arising from the purchase and sale of fx instruments. The NSE is indentified as the difference between the price paid/offered by the reporting entity and the price available in the open market (mid-market price) at the time of the transaction.
Describes an account that holds the Net Spread Earnings (NSE) amount arising from the purchase and sale of securities. The NSE is indentified as the difference between the price paid/offered by the reporting entity and the price available in the open market (mid-market price) at the time of the transaction.
Describes an account that holds the Net Spread Earnings (NSE) amount arising from the purchase and sale of derivative instruments. The NSE is indentified as the difference between the price paid/offered by the reporting entity and the price available in the open market (mid-market price) at the time of the transaction.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from money market instruments.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from derivative instruments.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from derivative instruments used as hedging instruments and where the hedged items generate interest.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from loans and advances.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable where the interest amount originates from loans guaranteed by the Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD) also known as UK Export Finance.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from deposits.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from interest from finance leasing.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from Securities Financing Transactions.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from bonds and Floating Rate Notes.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from bridging finance loans.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from loans secured on dwellings.
Describes an account that holds the amount of interests receivable/payable as reported in a Profit and Loss report and where the interest amount originates from credit card lending.
Describes an account that holds the amount of:
- Intra-group fees receivable and payable where the counterparty is an intra-group entity. Or;
- Cost recharges that are costs of a centrally managed service allocated
and charged to each group entity (e.g. IT support).
Account which has an amount of general loan loss provision for credit risks that has been recognised in the financial statements of the institution in accordance with the applicable accounting framework.
Goodwill is a type of intangible asset. IFRS3, Appendix A, defines goodwill as:
an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognised.
IAS 16(6) defines property plant and equipment as:
tangible items that:
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.
Describes an account representing the part of staff expenses corresponding to the benefits_in_kind paid by the reporting entity.
Bank Of England defines benefits_in_kind as items where the cost is separately identifiable and would normally fall within expenditure, such as staff canteens, luncheon vouchers, sports club membership, nurseries, health care and staff savings schemes that do not form part of employee stock options
BoE Form PL definitions: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/data-collection/osca/forms-definitions-validations
Describes an account representing the part of operating expenses corresponding to the non_life_insurance_premiums paid by the reporting entity.
Bank Of England defines non_life_insurance_premiums as premiums payable to provide cover against various events or accidents resulting in damage to goods or property, or harm to persons as a result of natural or human causes (fires,floods, crashes, collisions, sinkings, theft, violence, accidents, sickness, etc.) or against financial losses resulting from events such as sickness, unemployment, accidents, etc.
BoE Form PL definitions: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/data-collection/osca/forms-definitions-validations
Describes an account representing the part of operating expenses corresponding to the occupancy_costs paid by the reporting entity. As per the Bank of England definition, this would inlcude costs relating to land and other buildings, such as rent, non-domestic rates and energy costs. It would also include any costs relating to moving or vacating buildings.
BoE Form PL definitions: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/data-collection/osca/forms-definitions-validations
Describes an account representing the part of staff expenses corresponding to social contributions not included in any of the other available categories for staff expenses.
Describes an account representing the part of staff expenses corresponding to staff remuneration not included in any of the other available categories for staff expenses.
Describes an account representing the part of staff expenses corresponding to staff costs not included in any of the other available categories for staff expenses.
Describes an account representing the part of staff expenses corresponding to regular compensation payable to all employees. As per the Bank Of England definition this includes overtime payments, commissions and any other cash benefit payments. It Also includes any one-off bonuses that relate to a specific piece of work or performance in the current period. One-off bonuses could include any other non-regular bonus or cash remuneration paid to employees that is not part of the annual bonus accrual.
BoE Form PL definitions: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/data-collection/osca/forms-definitions-validations
Describes an account representing the manufactured dividends paid or received by the reporting entity.
The Bank of England defines manufactured dividends as payments that can arise when an institution borrows a security from a security lender or client and that security pays a dividend while on loan. As the security lender customarily maintains the right to payments which accrue on the security, the borrower will ‘manufacture’ a dividend payment back to the lender.
BoE Form PL definitions: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/data-collection/osca/forms-definitions-validations
Describes an account representing the amount of a provision beeing released as a risk subsides (e.g. the loan for which the provision was originally registered is repaid).
Describes an account representing the amount of a provision beeing written-off as a risk materialised (e.g. the loan for which the provision was originally registered is deemed irrecoverable).
Adjustments of Synthetic positions - other significant investments in financials and joint ventures. Required for BCAR RWA calculation and Reporting. Ref: BCAR 40.290; Chapter 4, P164
An account in the equity section of a company’s balance sheet that indicates the cash on hand that can be used for future expenses or to offset any capital losses.
Use this enumeration value to refer to derivatives which are underlyings of other derivative positions (e.g. swaptions).
In the context of CRR Article 329, a reference derivative would be the underlying swap of a swaption.
Derivatives given this purpose value represent execution of orders on behalf of clients.
‘Execution of orders on behalf of clients’ means acting to conclude agreements to buy or sell one or more financial instruments
on behalf of clients and includes the conclusion of agreements to sell financial instruments issued by an investment firm or a credit institution at the moment of their issuance. [Article 4(1)(5) of Directive 2014/65/EU (MiFID)].
Transmission pertains to the receiving and communucation of instructions or orders from the client in respect of investment services or financial instruments to another party for execution, such as an operator of a collective investment undertaking or agency broker.
More broadly, transmission is discussed in MiFID 2 in reference to a ‘tied agent’:
(29) ‘tied agent’ means a natural or legal person who, under the full and unconditional responsibility of only one investment firm on whose behalf it acts, promotes investment and/or ancillary services to clients or prospective clients, receives and transmits instructions or orders from the client in respect of investment services or financial instruments, places financial instruments or provides advice to clients or prospective clients in respect of those financial instruments or services;
Use this enumeration value to refer to derivative cash flows which are calculated in order to decompose derivatives in combinations of long and short flows. See CRR Articles 328 to 331.
Use this enumeration value when derivative cashflows data are uploaded as two
distinct batches, one for principal and one for interest cashflows.
For rows uploaded as “principal”, the values populated in the “balance” column
refer to principal cashflows (accreting and/or amortising) only, and do not
include any interest flows
Use this enumeration value when derivative cashflows data are uploaded as two
distinct batches, one for principal and one for interest cashflows.
For rows uploaded as “interest”, the values populated in the “balance” column
refer to interest cashflows only, and do not include any principal flows
The first_time_buyer value is a term used in the British and Irish property markets and defined in the Bank of England’s Mortgage Lending & Administration (MLAR) Definitions section E6.1/2 It is a sub-category of a house_purchase where “the tenure of the main borrower immediately before this advance was not owner-occupier.”
A bridging_loan is a short-term financing option used typically used for property owners to finance the period between buying a new property and selling an old one when the timing of the two does not match. It can also be used by property developers or investors who value speed over cost.
The buy_to_let refers to a real estate loan where the borrower is purchasing the property with a view of renting it out on a commercial basis to an unrelated third party. See MLAR Definitions section E6.2.
This also encompasses “income-producing” real estate and Specialised Lending exposures.
e.g. [OSFI CAR 4.1.11][osfi-income-producing]
Exposures where (...) the prospects for servicing the loan materially depend on the cash flows generated by the property securing the loan rather than on the underlying capacity of the borrower to service the debt from other sources,
e.g. OSFI Chapter 5, P17
Use this enumeration to refer to a loan that is not in the books of the reporting entity and represents parts, or the entirety, of a pool of loans backing a security that is in the books of the reporting entity (e.g. securities representing the reporting entity investments in rmbs)
From CRR definitions (96):
internal hedge means a position that materially offsets the component risk elements between a trading book and a non-trading book position or sets of positions;
An institutional protection scheme is a contractual or statutory liability arrangement which protects those institutions and in particular ensures their liquidty and solvency where necessary;
A lifetime_mortgage is a very specific kind of British mortgage contract and is defined in the FCA Handbook. It is geared towards customers of a certain age in order to release equity and typically repayment occurs at the time of the customers death when the property is sold;
As outlined in LCR Article 31(9), a promotional loan
shall be available only to persons who are not financial customers on a non-competitive, not for profit basis in order to promote public policy objectives of the Union or that Member State’s central or regional government. It shall only be possible to draw on such facilities following the reasonably expected demand for a promotional loan and up to the amount of such demand provided there is a subsequent reporting on the use of the funds distributed;
The remortgage value indicates a re-mortgage or refinancing of an existing property by an existing customer of the firm who had a loan with a house_purchase purpose. Note that this does not include re-mortgages of first_time_buyer and buy_to_let loans which should retain their respective purposes in the event of a re-mortgage. See MLAR Definitions section E6.4/5.
speculative immovable property financing‧ means loans for the purposes of the acquisition of or development or construction on land in relation to immovable property, or of and in relation to such property, with the intention of reselling for profit;
Also used to categorize Specialised Lending exposures for High-volatility Commercial Real Estate, as per OSFI definition Chapter 5, P18
Loans given for the purpose of financing agriculture development or production.
FFEIC definition:
loans to finance agricultural production and other loans to farmers:
(1) Loans and advances made for the purpose of financing agricultural production, including
the growing and storing of crops, the marketing or carrying of agricultural products by the
growers thereof, and the breeding, raising, fattening, or marketing of livestock.
(2) Loans and advances made for the purpose of financing fisheries and forestries, including
loans to commercial fishermen.
(3) Agricultural notes and other notes of farmers that the bank has discounted for, or
purchased from, merchants and dealers, either with or without recourse to the seller.
(4) Loans to farmers that are guaranteed by the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) or by
the Small Business Administration (SBA) and that are extended, serviced, and collected
by a party other than the FmHA or SBA. Include SBA “Guaranteed Interest Certificates,”
which represent a beneficial interest in the entire SBA-guaranteed portion of an individual
loan, provided the loan is for the financing of agricultural production or other lending to
farmers. (Exclude SBA “Guaranteed Loan Pool Certificates,” which represent an
undivided interest in a pool of SBA-guaranteed portions of loans. SBA “Guaranteed Loan
Pool Certificates” should be reported as securities in Schedule RC-B, item 2, or, if held
for trading, in Schedule RC, item 5.)
(5) Loans and advances to farmers for purchases of farm machinery, equipment, and
implements.
(6) Loans and advances to farmers for all other purposes associated with the maintenance or
operations of the farm, including purchases of private passenger automobiles and other
retail consumer goods and provisions for the living expenses of farmers or ranchers and
their families.
Loans given for the purpose of land, construction, development or re-development of a site.
FFEIC definition:
loans secured by real estate made to finance (a) land development (i.e., the process of improving land – laying sewers, water pipes, etc.) preparatory to erecting new structures or (b) the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, residential, or farm buildings.
As defined in [Supervisory Reporting][sup-rep] part 2(5)(41)(l):
‘Project finance loans’ include loans that are recovered solely from the income of the projects financed by them.
As defined by OSFI Chapter 4, P66 and Chapter 5, P12:
>’Project finance refers to the method of funding in which the lender looks primarily to the revenues generated by a single project, both as the source of repayment and as security for the loan. This type of financing is usually for large, complex and expensive installations such as power plants, chemical processing plants, mines, transportation infrastructure, environment, media, and telecoms. Project finance may take the form of financing the construction of a new capital installation, or refinancing of an existing installation, with or without improvements.’
Project Finance early pre-operational phase that gets higher risk weight than other project finance in later phases.
Pre-operational is defined referencing the definition of a normal ‘operational’ phase project in Basel 20.51:
For this purpose, operational phase is defined as the phase in which the entity that was specifically created to finance the project has
(a) a positive net cash flow that is sufficient to cover any remaining contractual obligation, and
(b) declining long-term debt.
A high quality project finance exposure refers to an exposure to a project finance entity that is able to meet its financial commitments in a timely manner and its ability to do so is assessed to be robust against adverse changes in the economic cycle and business conditions. The following conditions must also be met:
(1) The project finance entity is restricted from acting to the detriment of the creditors (eg by not being able to issue additional debt without the consent of existing creditors);
(2) The project finance entity has sufficient reserve funds or other financial arrangements to cover the contingency funding and working capital requirements of the project;
(3) The revenues are availability-based19 or subject to a rate-of-return regulation or take-or-pay contract;
(4) The project finance entity’s revenue depends on one main counterparty and this main counterparty shall be a central government, PSE or a corporate entity with a risk weight of 80% or lower;
(5) The contractual provisions governing the exposure to the project finance entity provide for a high degree of protection for creditors in case of a default of the project finance entity;
(6) The main counterparty or other counterparties which similarly comply with the eligibility criteria for the main counterparty will protect the creditors from the losses resulting from a termination of the project;
(7) All assets and contracts necessary to operate the project have been pledged to the creditors to the extent permitted by applicable law; and
(8) Creditors may assume control of the project finance entity in case of its default.
As defined by OSFI Chapter 4, P66 and Chapter 5, P14:
>’Object finance refers to the method of funding the acquisition of equipment (e.g., ships, aircraft, satellites, railcars, and fleets) where the repayment of the loan is dependent on the cash flows generated by the specific assets that have been financed and pledged or assigned to the lender.’
Object Finance that are deemed high-quality will get preferential risk weight than other object finance with lower quality.
According to Basel 3.1 object finance shall be deemed high quality when taking into account all of the following criteria:
(1) The obligor can meet its financial obligations even under severely stressed conditions due to the presence of all of the following features:
adequate exposure-to-value of the exposure;
conservative repayment profile of the exposure;
commensurate remaining lifetime of the assets upon full pay-out of the exposure or alternatively recourse to a protection provider with high creditworthiness;
low refinancing risk of the exposure by the obligor or that risk is adequately mitigated by a commensurate residual asset value or recourse to a protection provider with high creditworthiness;
the obligor has contractual restrictions over its activity and funding structure;
the obligor uses derivatives only for risk-mitigation purposes;
material operating risks are properly managed;
(2) the contractual arrangements on the assets provide lenders with a high degree of protection including the following features:
the lenders have a legally enforceable first-ranking right over the assets financed, and, where applicable, over the income that they generate;
there are contractual restrictions on the ability of the obligor to change anything to the asset which would have a negative impact on its value;
where the asset is under construction, the lenders have a legally enforceable first-ranking right over the assets and the underlying construction contracts;
(3) the assets being financed meet all of the following standards to operate in a sound and effective manner:
the technology and design of the asset are tested;
all necessary permits and authorisations for the operation of the assets have been obtained;
where the asset is under construction, the obligor has adequate safeguards on the agreed specifications, budget and completion date of the asset, including strong completion guarantees or the involvement of an experienced constructor and adequate contract provisions for liquidated damages;
As defined by OSFI Chapter 4, P66 and Chapter 5, P15:
‘Commodities finance refers to short-term lending to finance reserves, inventories, or receivables of exchange-traded commodities (e.g., crude oil, metals, or crops), where the loan will be repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the commodity and the borrower has no independent capacity to repay the loan.
A cash-out refinance is a form of mortgage refinancing where the initial mortgage is paid off, and a new mortgage is established. The new mortgage loan is larger than the pre-existing loan amount, so the home equity is converted into a cash payout. Refer to https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/commercial-lending/cash-out-refinance.
A refinance, refers to revising and replacing the terms of an existing credit agreement, usually as it relates to a loan or mortgage. Refinancing a loan or mortgage is typically done to take advantage of lower interest rates or improve the loan terms, such as the monthly payment or length of the loan. Refer to https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/refinance.asp.
The Mifid Directive defines in Article 4(4) investment advice as:
provision of personal recommendations to a client, either upon its request or at the initiative of the investment firm, in respect of one or more transactions relating to financial instruments.
The Mifid Directive defines in Article 4(8) portfolio management as:
managing portfolios in accordance with mandates given by clients on a discretionary client-by-client basis where such portfolios include one or more financial instruments.
Trade finance means financing, including guarantees, connected to the exchange of goods and services through financial products of fixed short-term maturity, generally of less than one year, without automatic rollover;
30(3) “collateral needs that would result from the impact of an adverse market scenario on the credit institution’s derivatives transactions, financing transactions and other contracts”
ICA represents (i) collateral (other than VM) posted by the counterparty that the bank may seize upon default of the counterparty, the amount of which does not change in response to the value of the transaction it secures and/or (ii) the Independent Amount (IA) parameter as defined in standard industry documentation.
Defined in accordance with CRR, A CCP’s default fund is a mechanism that allows the sharing (mutualisation) of losses among the CCP’s clearing members.
default fund’ means a fund established by a CCP in accordance with Article 42 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 and used in accordance with Article 45 of that Regulation
Use this enumeration value to refer to securities which are underlyings of derivative positions (e.g. bond futures).
In the context of CRR Article 328, a reference security would be the underlying bond of a bond future position.
Use this enumeration value to identify to securities which are placed into a central bank single collateral pool. A list of eligible security types for the Bank of England SCP can be found here
Use this enum to refer to funds reserved for the purpose of implementing, from an operational point of view, the resolution strategy and, consequently, to stabilise and restructure the bank.
A currency quote represents the price of one currency in relation to another (currency pair) ie how much 1 unit of the base currency can buy you of the quote currency. The base currency is the first currency in a pair with the quote currency being the second.
When quoting the price of currency it is done on a relative basis with currency pairs. The base currency is the first currency in a pair with the quote currency being the second. The price quoted represents how much one unit of the base currency can buy you of the quote currency. For example, if you were looking at the GBP/USD currency pair, the Britsh pound would be the base currency and the U.S. dollar would be the quote currency.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) set the standard (ISO standard 4217) of the three letter abbreviations used for currencies.
The rate property describes the full interest rate applied to the balance of the account or loan. This is (or should roughly be) the full interest rate used to calculate the accrued_interest. For floating rates the credit spread can be obtained by subtracting the base_rate from the rate.
The rate should be recorded as a percentage in decimal format. ie. 3.5% should be represented as 3.5 and not 0.035. There is no restriction to the precision of the number (number of decimal places).
means the rate of interest is fixed for a stated period. It should also include any products with a ‘capped rate’ (i.e. subject to a guaranteed maximum rate) and any products that are ‘collared loans’ (i.e. subject to a minimum and a maximum rate). Annual review or stabilised payment loans should be excluded (since the purpose is merely to smooth cash flow on variable rate loans);
includes all other interest rate bases (i.e. other than those defined above as ‘fixed’) applying to particular products, including those at, or at a discount or premium to, one of the firm’s administered lending rates; those linked to Libor (or other market rate); those linked to an index (e.g. FTSE) etc. However if any such loan products are subject to a ‘capped rate’, then treat as ‘fixed’.
A tracker rate type is a sub-category of variable rate types and indicates a direct relationship between the interest rate and the base_ratebr. For example base_ratebr + 1%.
A preferential rate type is often a temporary lower interest rate compared to what the bank would normally charge as an introductory offer or a reward for loyal customers.
The reference income used for a customer for a loan. Monetary type is represented as an integer number of cents/pence.
The FCA defines customer(s) income as the Total Gross Income, which is described as:
This is the total of the gross annual incomes (before tax or other deductions) of each of the individual borrowers whose incomes were taken into account when the lender made the lending assessment/ decision. For these purposes, each borrower’s gross income is the sum of that person’s main income and any other reckonable income (e.g., overtime and/or income from other sources, to the extent that the lender takes such additional income into account in whole or in part).
The BCBS 457 paper goes in to more detail but here is an exerpt:
25.2 Instruments comprise financial instruments, foreign exchange (FX), and commodities. A financial
instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one entity and a financial
liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial instruments include primary financial
instruments (or cash instruments) and derivative financial instruments. A financial asset is any
asset that is cash, the right to receive cash or another financial asset or a commodity, or an equity
instrument. A financial liability is the contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial
asset or a commodity. Commodities also include non-tangible (ie non-physical) goods such as
electric power.
25.3 Banks may only include a financial instrument, instruments on FX or commodity in the trading
book when there is no legal impediment against selling or fully hedging it.
25.4 Banks must fair value daily any trading book instrument and recognise any valuation change in
the profit and loss (P&L) account.
OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK of 24 June 2014 on a proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on reporting and transparency of securities financing transactions (CON/2014/49) (2014/C 336/04) describes rehypothecation as:
“... the use by a receiving counterparty of financial instruments received as collateral in its own name and for its own account or for the account of another counterparty...”
Any undertaking which is not itself a subsidiary of another undertaking and/or effectively exercises a dominant influence over another undertaking. See first paragraph of subsidiary definition.
A Member State shall require any undertaking governed by its national law to draw up consolidated accounts and a consolidated annual report if that undertaking (a parent undertaking):
(a) has a majority of the shareholders’ or members’ voting rights in another undertaking (a subsidiary undertaking); or
(b) has the right to appoint or remove a majority of the members of the administrative, management or supervisory body of another undertaking (a subsidiary undertaking) and is at the same time a shareholder in or member of that undertaking; or
(c) has the right to exercise a dominant influence over an undertaking (a subsidiary undertaking) of which it is a shareholder or member, pursuant to a contract entered into with that undertaking or to a provision in its memorandum or articles of association, where the law governing that subsidiary undertaking permits its being subject to such contracts or provisions. A Member State need not prescribe that a parent undertaking must be a shareholder in or member of its subsidiary undertaking. Those Member States the laws of which do not provide for such contracts or clauses shall not be required to apply this provision; or
(d) is a shareholder in or member of an undertaking, and:
(aa) a majority of the members of the administrative, management or supervisory bodies of that undertaking (a subsidiary undertaking) who have held office during the financial year, during the preceding financial year and up to the time when the consolidated accounts are drawn up, have been appointed solely as a result of the exercise of its voting rights; or
(bb) controls alone, pursuant to an agreement with other shareholders in or members of that undertaking (a subsidiary undertaking), a majority of shareholders’ or members’ voting rights in that undertaking. The Member States may introduce more detailed provisions concerning the form and contents of such agreements.
The Member States shall prescribe at least the arrangements referred to in (bb) above.
They may make the application of (aa) above dependent upon the holding’s representing 20 % or more of the shareholders’ or members’ voting rights.
However, (aa) above shall not apply where another undertaking has the rights referred to in subparagraphs (a), (b) or (c) above with regard to that subsidiary undertaking.
DNB Reporting Manual
A holding is classified as participation equity if the reporting institution (the domestic banking business) holds an interest in the capital of a corporation (either domestic or foreign) that provides it with 10% or more of the voting rights.
This is in line with the criteria on influence and control described in BPM6 (Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, edition 6).
‘branch’ means a place of business which forms a legally dependent part of an institution and which carries out directly all or some of the transactions inherent in the business of institutions;
IFRS does not explicitly define a branch, but in practise it has been noted as an extension to the parent company.
From the IAS 21 definition of a foreign operation:
Foreign operation is an entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint
arrangement or branch of a reporting entity, the activities of which are based
or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity
From IFRS 3:
An integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted
and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends,
lower costs or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners,
members or participants
From Wikipedia Branch Office:
A branch office is an outlet of a company or, more generally, an organization that – unlike a subsidiary – does not constitute a separate legal entity, while being physically separated from the organization’s main office.
“the means by which the customer intends to repay the outstanding capital and, where applicable, pay the interest accrued under the regulated mortgage contract, where all or part of that contract is an interest-only mortgage.”
(1) Where payments are to be made on a regular basis, the frequency of payments shall be indicated (e.g. monthly). Where the frequency of payments will be irregular, this shall be clearly explained to the consumer.
(2) The number of payments indicated shall cover the whole duration of the credit.
Article 13: 1.Member States shall ensure that clear and comprehensible general information about credit agreements is made available by creditors or, where applicable, by tied credit intermediaries or their appointed representatives at all times on paper or on another durable medium or in electronic form. In addition, Member States may provide that general information is made available by non-tied credit intermediaries.
Such general information shall include at least the following:
“... (i) the range of different options available for reimbursing the credit to the creditor, including the number, frequency and amount of the regular repayment instalments;”
The repayment_type property describes the repayment conditions of the loan. In short, the repayment type determines the contractual agreement the lender has made with the borrower regarding repayments:
The borrower will be paying the interest as well as the capital in an amortising manner such that the balance amount will be decreasing to zero over the life of the loan.
The borrower’s repayment terms of the loan are a combination of repayment and interest_only. For example, the borrower typically has a repayment schedule but has an interest_only schedule during the summer.
A payment Option ARM is a nontraditional mortgage that allows the borrower to choose from a number of different payment options. For example, each month, the borrower may choose: a minimum payment option based on a ‘’start’’ or introductory interest rate, an interest-only payment option based on the fully indexed interest rate, or a fully amortizing principal and interest payment option based on a 15-year or 30-year loan term, plus any required escrow payments. Payments on the minimum payment option can be less than the interest accruing on the loan, resulting in negative amortization. The interest-only option avoids negative amortization, but does not provide for principal amortization. After a specified number of years, or if the loan reaches a certain negative amortization cap, the required monthly payment amount is recast to require payments that will fully amortize the outstanding balance. Refer to Federal Reserve FR Y-14M.
The contractual terms do not specify a repayment_type and the borrower is free to pay the interest and/or capital on their own schedule. Credit cards and other credit facilities might have repayment_type = “other” characteristics. We use “other” here instead of “none” as it is assumed all loans are made under the premise of repayment.
Pro-rata amortisation changing to sequential amortisation. Compliant with STS criteria for non-ABCP transactions (Guidelines on STS criteria for non-ABCP transactions and Article 21 (5) of Regulation (EU) 2017/2402
The reporting_entity_name is the name of the reporting legal entity for MI purposes (as the Legal Entity Identifier code may not be available) for the institution responsible for or to which the financial product applies. Typically this should be the legal entity holding the asset or liability.
The *reporting_id is the internal ID, or ideally the Legal Entity Identifier code, for the institution responsible for or to which the financial product applies and needs to be reported.
Typically this should be the legal entity holding the asset or liability.
Indicates the current status of any repurchase request for the loan. This field tracks whether a repurchase request has been made, is pending review, has been approved, or has been rejected.
A request has been made for repurchase of the loan by the counterparty. This include both loans where repurchase is being finalized and loans where agreement to repurchase has not yet occurred.
The resolution_date is the date on which the defaulted exposure is considered resolved, either through full repayment, write-off, sale, or cure under the institution’s internal criteria. This marks the end of the default period. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
Risk retention is the percentage of the issuance that the originator or sponsor has retained as a “skin-in-the-game”
economic interest. How it has been retained is further detailed in retention_type.
Vertical slice (securitisation positions): “retention of no less than 5 % of the nominal value of each of the tranches sold or transferred to the investors”
Vertical slice (securitised exposures): retention of no less than 5 % of the credit risk of each of the securitised exposures, if the credit risk thus retained with respect to such securitised exposures always ranks pari passu with, or is subordinated to, the credit risk that has been securitised with respect to those same exposures;
Revolving exposures: “in the case of securitisations of revolving exposures, retention of the originator’s interest of no less than 5 % of the nominal value of the securitised exposures”;
On-balance sheet: “retention of randomly selected exposures, equivalent to no less than 5 % of the nominal amount of the securitised exposures, where such exposures would otherwise have been securitised in the securitisation, provided that the number of potentially securitised exposures is no less than 100 at origination”;
First loss: “retention of the first loss tranche and, if necessary, other tranches having the same or a more severe risk profile than those transferred or sold to investors and not maturing any earlier than those transferred or sold to investors, so that the retention equals in total no less than 5 % of the nominal value of the securitised exposures”;
Securitisations exempt from retention rate are those where,
...transactions [are] based on a clear, transparent and accessible index, where the underlying reference entities are identical to those that make up an index of entities that is widely traded, or are other tradable securities other than securitisation positions.
The reversion_date represents the contractual date of end of any initial promotional rate for a loan or security, after which the reversion_rate will apply.
It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The reversion_rate property describes the interest rate to which a loan or security will default after an initial incentive / fixed rate period.
The reversion_rate should be recorded as a percentage in decimal format. ie. 3.5% should be represented as 3.5 and not 0.035. There is no restriction to the precision of the number (number of decimal places).
The risk_country_code represents location or jurisdiction of where the risk of the product or entity resides (trading location). This can be a subjective field and can depend on a number of factors such as country of domicile, the primary stock exchange on which a product trades, the location from which the majority of its revenue comes, its reporting currency or other factors.
Countries are represented as 2-letter codes in accordance with ISO 3166-1.
The risk_group_id is an identifier for a group of economically connected entities representing a single risk entity where no relationship of control exists between the entities. Economic interconnectedness is defined in the CRR Article 4(1)(39)(b).
The risk_group_id_2 is a secondary identifier for a group of economically connected entities representing a single risk entity where no relationship of control exists between the entities. Economic interconnectedness is defined in the CRR Article 4(1)(39)(b).
See EBA Scenario E 3 example on page 32.
The risk_profile also know as investor profile defines a numerical scale to represent the customer’s willingness and/or capacity to take on financial risk.
Current regulations reflect the complexity surrounding risk profiling, with many generally vague as to what factors influence a risk profile. Current regulatory guidance also differs among countries
Note the differences in the definitions of investment profiles in Article 25 (2) of MIFID II, and US FINRA Rule 2111.
The scale is based on an internal assessment made by the reporting intitution. It is presented in ascendant order from 1 to 10. However, the reporting instituion does not need to define 10 different risk profiles. This means:
If the reporting instituion has defined 5 different profiles for their investors, a risk_profile of 1 will represent the most conservative investors, while a risk_profile of 5 will represent the most risky ones.
The unique identifier of the Risk Rating System (RRS) used to evaluate a borrower.
This attribute links the Internal Risk Rating to its corresponding RRS, providing context for how the risk assessment is structured. It is essential for ensuring consistency and traceability in risk evaluations across different borrowers and lending scenarios.
Risk rating systems must be approved by the regulator in Canada. See here.
The risk_weight_irb property represents the risk weight applied on an exposure to be used in the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach. It is a percentage and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The risk_weight_std property represents the risk weight applied on an exposure to be used in the standardised approach. It is a percentage and should be recorded as a decimal/float such that 1.5% is 0.015.
The rollover_date is the date on which an account was rolled-over [See roll over.] For a term deposit, this would be the date at which the deposit was rolled to another term. For a notice account, where notice has been given, this would be the date on which the notice was given. If notice has not yet been given, it would be the current business date. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ)
Parameter to determine whether a loan is secured or unsecured.
Unsecured Lending is “lending where the mortgage lender does not take a mortgage or other form of security in respect of the credit provided to the customer.”
Unsecured Debt is “debt that does not fall within the definition of secured debt.”
Secured Debt is “debt fully secured on: (a) assets whose value at least equals the amount of debt; or (b) a letter of credit or guarantee from an approved counterparty.”
Traditional securitization is a structure where the cash flow from an underlying pool of exposures is used to service at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches reflecting different degrees of credit risk. Payments to the investors depend upon the performance of the specified underlying exposures, as opposed to being derived from an obligation of the entity originating those exposures.
See OSFI Chapter 6, P5
Synthetic securitization is a structure with at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches that reflect different degrees of credit risk where credit risk of an underlying pool of exposures is transferred, in whole or in part, through the use of funded (e.g. credit-linked notes) or unfunded (e.g. credit default swaps) credit derivatives or guarantees that serve to hedge the credit risk of the portfolio.
See OSFI Chapter 6, P6
Traditional securitization is a structure where the cash flow from an underlying pool of exposures is used to service at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches reflecting different degrees of credit risk. Payments to the investors depend upon the performance of the specified underlying exposures, as opposed to being derived from an obligation of the entity originating those exposures.
See OSFI Chapter 6, P5
Synthetic (non-STS) securitization is a structure with at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches that reflect different degrees of credit risk where credit risk of an underlying pool of exposures is transferred, in whole or in part, through the use of funded (e.g. credit-linked notes) or unfunded (e.g. credit default swaps) credit derivatives or guarantees that serve to hedge the credit risk of the portfolio.
See OSFI Chapter 6, P6
Pass-through security; a security created when one or more mortgage holders form a collection (pool) of mortgages and sells shares or participation certificates in the pool. The cash flow from the collateral pool is “passed through” to the security holder as monthly payments of principal, interest, and prepayments.
The stock exchange daily official list (SEDOL) is a seven-character identification code assigned to securities that trade on the London Stock Exchange and various smaller exchanges in the United Kingdom. SEDOL codes are used for unit trusts, investment trusts, insurance-linked securities, and domestic and foreign stocks.
Seniority describes the seniority of the issuance in the cap table.
A senior security ranks highest in a companies liquidation schedule and hence considered the safest form of debt. subordinated debt ranks below senior debt, and is therefore considered less safe and first loss specifically refers to the least safe debt, just before equity holders.
A secured security is one whose cash flows or credit worthiness is backed by another asset.
“first loss tranche” means the most subordinated tranche in a securitisation that is the first tranche to bear losses incurred on the securitised exposures and thereby provides protection to the second loss and, where relevant, higher ranking tranches.
Represents a hybrid instrument that embodies both flexibility and risk. It fills the gap between senior debt, which tends to be more conservative and prioritized in repayment, and equity financing, which often involves ownership dilution through the issuance of shares.
The unique identifier for the entity that services the loan. The servicer is responsible for collecting payments, managing escrow accounts, and handling other administrative aspects of the loan on behalf of the lender.
The loan shall be repaid via the cashflows generated by the property bought by the loan financing
i.e. the repayment is materially dependent on cash flows generated by the property. See Basel Framework, CRE 20.79
The servicing_currency_code identifies the currency of the source of income that will be used to service the loan. It can be left blank if the currency is the same as that of the loan.
Currencies are represented as 3-letter codes in accordance with ISO 4217 standards.
The sft_type is used when describing securities financing transactions using the security schema. Securities Financing Transactions (SFTs) allow market partcipants to access secured funding, through the temporary exchange of assets as a guarantee for a funding transaction.
‘securities financing transaction’ or ‘SFT’ means:
(a) a repurchase transaction;
(b) securities or commodities lending and securities or commodities borrowing;
(c) a buy-sell back transaction or sell-buy back transaction;
(d) a margin lending transaction;
‘securities or commodities lending’ or ‘securities or commodities borrowing’ means a transaction by which a counterparty transfers securities or commodities subject to a commitment that the borrower will return equivalent securities or commodities on a future date or when requested to do so by the transferor, that transaction being considered as securities or commodities lending for the counterparty transferring the securities or commodities and being considered as securities or commodities borrowing for the counterparty to which they are transferred;
‘buy-sell back transaction’ or ‘sell-buy back transaction’ means a transaction by which a counterparty buys or sells securities, commodities, or guaranteed rights relating to title to securities or commodities, agreeing, respectively, to sell or to buy back securities, commodities or such guaranteed rights of the same description at a specified price on a future date, that transaction being a buy-sell back transaction for the counterparty buying the securities, commodities or guaranteed rights, and a sell-buy back transaction for the counterparty selling them, such buy-sell back transaction or sell-buy back transaction not being governed by a repurchase agreement or by a reverse-repurchase agreement within the meaning of point (9);
‘repurchase transaction’ means a transaction governed by an agreement by which a counterparty transfers securities, commodities, or guaranteed rights relating to title to securities or commodities where that guarantee is issued by a recognised exchange which holds the rights to the securities or commodities and the agreement does not allow a counterparty to transfer or pledge a particular security or commodity to more than one counterparty at a time, subject to a commitment to repurchase them, or substituted securities or commodities of the same description at a specified price on a future date specified, or to be specified, by the transferor, being a repurchase agreement for the counterparty selling the securities or commodities and a reverse repurchase agreement for the counterparty buying them;
‘margin lending transaction’ means a transaction in which a counterparty extends credit in connection with the purchase, sale, carrying or trading of securities, but not including other loans that are secured by collateral in the form of securities;
Under the term funding scheme (TFS), participating banks and building societies were able to borrow funds from the Bank of England at a rate close to Bank Rate for up to four years. More information here.
Note that ECB equivalent of TFS is the Targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTRO).
deal #1 - bank executes a repo transaction and lends a covered bond worth 100 in exchange for 90 in cash
deal #2 - bank executes a collateral swap transaction and lends a portfolio of shares worth 100 in exchange for 1 share worth 45 and one index linked gilt worth 50
deal #3 - bank executes a reverse repo transaction and borrows a bond worth 100 in exchange for 90 in cash
The United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (SIC) is used to classify business establishments and other standard units by the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. The new version of these codes (SIC 2007) was adopted by the UK as from 1st January 2008.
The classification provides a framework for the collection, tabulation, presentation and analysis of data, and its use promotes uniformity.
In addition, it can be used for administrative purposes and by non-government bodies as a convenient way of classifying industrial activities into a common structure.
has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial obligation but faces major ongoing uncertainties that could impact its financial commitment on the obligation
currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation
is in payment default. Obligation not made on due date and grace period may not have expired. The rating is also used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition.
Similar to the product_name property, the source property is designed to aid the institution with principles of data control and governance as outlined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It is a strong value for the firm to indicate the source system for the data attribute.
The Singapore Standard Industrial Classification (SSIC) is the national standard for classifying economic activities undertaken by economic units and is used for censuses of population, household and establishment surveys and, increasingly, in administrative databases. The SSIC adopts the basic framework and principles of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). It is reviewed and updated regularly to reflect significant changes in the structure of the Singapore economy and the emergence of new activities as well as to align with changes in the international standard.
The start_date represents the contractual date of commencement of the financial product. This may corresponds to:
- the effective date for swap and option contracts,
- the issue date of a security
- the start date of a SFT
- any other specific attribute which denotes the date at which a financial contract takes effect
It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The status property indicates the current state of the financial product. A product can be active, cancelled, defaulted, committed etc. This is generally used to differentiate potential offers committed by the institution (lending decision taken) but not yet accepted by a customer. The status could also indicate liabilities which have been cancelled but are still being held within the dataset (until maturity or otherwise).
The account is active in a transactional way, transactional being defined in accordance with the Liquidity Regulations:
LCR Article 24(3):
For the purposes of paragraph 1(b) a retail deposit shall be considered
as being held in a transactional account where salaries, income or
transactions are regularly credited and debited respectively against
that account.
For US accounts, transactional is defined in Regulation D:
Transaction accounts are defined in section 19 of the FRA and in Regulation D as an account from which the depositor or account holder is permitted to “make transfers or withdrawals by negotiable or transferable instrument, payment order of withdrawal, telephone transfer, or other similar device for the purpose of making payments or transfers to third persons or others....” Demand deposits, negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts, and share draft accounts are all included in the definition of “transaction account.” “Time deposits” and “savings deposits,” discussed further below, are excluded from the Regulation D definition of transaction account. See the definition of “transaction accounts” in section 204.2(e) of Regulation D.
Indicates profits that have been verified by persons independent of the firm that are responsible for the auditing of the firm’s accounts, as specified in condition (a) of Article 26 (2) of the CRR.
Indicates profits that have not been verified by persons independent of the firm that are responsible for the auditing of the firm’s accounts, thereby not meeting condition (a) of Article 26 (2) of the CRR.
The reporting institution has determined that the counterparty is part of an established relationship in accordance with the Liquidity Regulations Article 24 (2).
Indicates when an institution has the right to unconditionally cancel the commitment without notice to the obligor. This is either commitment to an undrawn portion of a loan or revolving credit, or commitment to enter into another contract (off-balance sheet).
See definition from OSFI Chapter 4, P124:
Commitments are arrangements that obligate an institution, at a client’s request, to extend credit, purchase assets or issue credit substitutes. It includes any such arrangement that can be unconditionally cancelled by the institution at any time without prior notice to the obligor. It also includes any such arrangement that can be cancelled by the institution if the obligor fails to meet conditions set out in the facility documentation, including conditions that must be met by the obligor prior to any initial or subsequent drawdown under the arrangement. Counterparty risk weightings for OTC derivative transactions will not be subject to any specific ceiling. [Basel Framework, CRE 20.94]
Off-balance sheet items will be converted into credit exposure equivalents through the use of credit conversion factors (CCF). In the case of commitments, the committed but undrawn amount of the exposure would be multiplied by the CCF. For these purposes, commitment means any contractual arrangement that has been offered by the bank and accepted by the client to extend credit, purchase assets or issue credit substitutes.43 It includes any such arrangement that can be unconditionally cancelled by the bank at any time without prior notice to the obligor. It also includes any such arrangement that can be cancelled by the bank if the obligor fails to meet conditions set out in the facility documentation, including conditions that must be met by the obligor prior to any initial or subsequent drawdown under the arrangement. Counterparty risk weightings for over-the-counter (OTC) derivative transactions will not be subject to any specific ceiling.
A line of credit that is in its draw period where the credit line has been closed, allowing no further draws or increase in principal balance outstanding.
Identifies any line of credit that is in its draw period where the credit line has been temporarily frozen, allowing no further draws or increase in principal balance outstanding, in the reporting month.
Indicates that the product is a revolving credit. Revolving credit is a type of credit that allows a borrower to repeatedly borrow up to a certain limit without needing to reapply each time. As the borrower repays the balance, the credit becomes available again. See also Revolving Credit on Investopedia
This indicates that capital has been paid up by the shareholders to the company that issued the shares.
When used in combination with the purpose attribute, ‘default_fund’, equates to prefunded default fund contributions.
This indicates that capital has been called up by the company issuing the shares but has not been paid yet by the shareholders.
When used in combination with the purpose attribute, ‘default_fund’, equates to unfunded default fund contributions.
This indicates that the reporting institution has determined that the security will not be available to an entity’s creditors
in the event of the insolvency of that entity. When used in combination with the purpose attributes indicates that collateral
posted by the reporting institution to its counterparty as initial or variation margin, is held in a bankruptcy-remote manner,
and is therefore segregated from the counterparty’s assets, as defined in Articles 276(1)(g) and 300(1) CRR.
When bankruptcy_remote is used in conjuction with the purpose ‘custody’, this indicates that the security held in custody will
not be available to the custodian’s creditors in the event of the insolvency of the custodian.
From CRE70.10, free deliveries are a specific type of unsettled transaction. Indicates that cash is paid without receipt of the corresponding receivable (securities, foreign currencies, gold, or commodities) or, conversely, deliverables were delivered without receipt of the corresponding cash payment (non-DvP, or free deliveries) expose firms to a risk of loss on the full amount of cash paid or deliverables delivered.
From CRE70.10, free deliveries are a specific type of unsettled transaction. Indicates that cash is paid without receipt of the corresponding receivable (securities, foreign currencies, gold, or commodities) or, conversely, deliverables were delivered without receipt of the corresponding cash payment (non-DvP, or free deliveries) expose firms to a risk of loss on the full amount of cash paid or deliverables delivered.
Indicates whether a stay protocol has been signed by one or both parties to the agreement. Stay Protocols are specifically for ISDA agreements, More information can be found here:
The physical street address of the property or business associated with the loan. This field should include the street number, street name, and any additional address information such as suite or unit numbers.
The stress_change represents the level of variation in the security’s price or haircut during a 30-day calendar market stress period as defined in in Article 12(1)(c)(iii) of the Liquidity Regulations.
The stress_change should be recorded as a percentage in decimal format. ie. 3.5% should be represented as 3.5 and not 0.035. There is no restriction to the precision of the number (number of decimal places). Independently if the variation is an increase or a decline, the stress_change must be a positive number.
The supervisory_price is used to calculate the SACCR supervisory delta for non-standard options as per Art. 279a 1(a) CRR, when the payoff is a function of the average value of the price of the underlying instrument. In this case, supervisory_price shall be equal to the observed average value on the calculation date.
When supervisory_price is not provided, the supervisory delta will be calculated with hunderlying_price.
Like underlying_price, supervisory_price is denominated in the derivative currency_code.
Total assets refers to the annual balance sheet total or the value of a company’s main assets, typically at the last accounting or last available date. This is typically the aggregate of the amounts shown as assets in the company’s balance sheet (that is before deducting both current and long-term liabilities).
See also: For more details see Article 12.3 of Council Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 based on Article 54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the annual accounts of certain types of companies, Official Journal L 222, p. 11-31, of 14 August1978
The trade_date represents the date the contractual terms of the financial product were agreed between parties. In the event of a multi-party (3 or more) transaction, the trade_date should reflect the date that all parties (or the required number, if less) had agreed. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
A transferable security is defined in MiFID Article 4.18:
“Transferable securities” means those classes of securities which are negotiable on the capital market, with the exception of instruments of payment, such as:
(a) shares in companies and other securities equivalent to shares in companies, partnerships or other entities, and depositary receipts in respect of shares;
(b) bonds or other forms of securitised debt, including depositary receipts in respect of such securities;
(c) any other securities giving the right to acquire or sell any such transferable securities or giving rise to a cash settlement determined by reference to transferable securities, currencies, interest rates or yields, commodities or other indices or measures;”
The amounts derived from the sale of products and the provision of services after deducting sales rebates and value added tax and other taxes directly linked to turnover;
See also: See Article 28 of Council Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 based on Article 54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the annual accounts of certain types of companies, Official Journal L 222, p. 11-31, of 14 August 1978.
Customer, issuer, guarantor and entity schemas share a lot of common type attributes so they are grouped together here. Also, due to the complexity of this property, the variety of reporting granularity and the larger issue of data quality at firms, the fields are not all mutually exclusive and should be thought of more as a tree rather than unique items:
Individual is a UK specific definition which is slightly broader than a natural person and defined in the FCA Handbook Glossary under individual:
(a) a natural person; or
(b) a partnership consisting of two or three persons not all of whom are bodies corporate; or
(c) an unincorporated body of persons which does not consist entirely of bodies corporate and is not a partnership.
Natural person refers to a human being, as you would expect. It is further defined in the Data Protection Directive:
Article 2(a):
(a) ... an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity
(in accordance with section 417(1) of the Act (Definitions)) any partnership, including a partnership constituted under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, but not including a limited liability partnership.
The definition of an SME is based on a set of criteria, while in theory it is possible for this to be a dynamic field based on other relevant data provided (employee count, turnover etc.), often times the data is unavailable or not current and hence firm may wish to identify SMEs directly.
In this scenario, an SME type will be assumed to comply with the EU SME Recommendation, further explained in What is an SME? broadly as:
“CCP” means a legal person that interposes itself between the counterparties to the contracts traded on one or more financial markets, becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer
Central counterparty (CCP) means a counterparty (for example, a clearing house) that facilitates trades between counterparties in one or more financial markets by either guaranteeing trades or novating contracts.
Qualifying central counterparty (QCCP) means a central counterparty that has been either authorised in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 or recognised in accordance with Article 25 of that Regulation
financial customer means a customer that performs one or more of the activities listed in Annex I to Directive 2013/36/EU as its main business, or is one of the following:
(a) a credit institution;
(b) an investment firm;
(c) an SSPE;
(d) a CIU;
(e) a non-open ended investment scheme;
(f) an insurance undertaking;
(g) a financial holding company or mixed-financial holding company;
(h) a credit union.
‘financial sector entity’ means any of the following:
(a) an institution;
(b) a financial institution;
(c) an ancillary services undertaking included in the consolidated financial situation of an institution;
(d) an insurance undertaking;
(e) a third-country insurance undertaking;
(f) a reinsurance undertaking;
(g) a third-country reinsurance undertaking;
(h) an insurance holding company;
(i) a mixed-activity holding company
(j) a mixed-activity insurance holding company as defined in point (g) of Article 212(1) of Directive 2009/138/EC;
(k) an undertaking excluded from the scope of Directive 2009/138/EC in accordance with Article 4 of that Directive;
(l) a third-country undertaking with a main business comparable to any of the entities referred to in points (a) to (k);
(m) a building society
In the Basel guidelines for Credit Risk under exposures to securties firms and financial institutions, CRE 20.40 it allows for these exposures to be treated like exposures to banks on the basis that they fall under the same regulated regime (and similar supervisory requirements) that banks in that jurisdiction are subject to.
So ‘unregulatedfinancial’ is to clearly define those firms _that do not meet these regulatory requirements.
As defined by OSFI chapter 4, P56 and chapter 5, P68:
Unregulated financial institutions are institutions that are not supervised by a regulator, and therefore NOT subject to prudential standards or any level of supervision equivalent to those applied to banks under the Basel III framework (including, in particular, capital and liquidity requirements).
Unregulated financial institutions would be not be qualified for “bank” treatment under standardized and/or subject to 1.25 correlation factor under IRB.
Multilateral Development Banks are defined in the CRR Article 117 as:
The Inter-American Investment Corporation, the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the CAF-Development Bank of Latin America shall be considered multilateral development banks.
...
(a) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development;
(b) the International Finance Corporation;
(c) the Inter-American Development Bank;
(d) the Asian Development Bank;
(e) the African Development Bank;
(f) the Council of Europe Development Bank;
(g) the Nordic Investment Bank;
(h) the Caribbean Development Bank;
(i) the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development;
(j) the European Investment Bank;
(k) the European Investment Fund;
(l) the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency;
(m) the International Finance Facility for Immunisation;
(n) the Islamic Development Bank.
International Organisations are defined in CRR Article 118:
(a) the Union;
(b) the International Monetary Fund;
(c) the Bank for International Settlements;
(d) the European Financial Stability Facility;
(e) the European Stability Mechanism;
(f) an international financial institution established by two or more Member States, which has the purpose to mobilise funding and provide financial assistance to the benefit of its members that are experiencing or threatened by severe financing problems.
An official export credit agency facilitates international exports, and must be one of the entities listed in this document, maintained by the oecd: https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/export-credits/documents/links-of-official-export-credit-agencies.pdf
(a) the EU; or
(b) a Member State including a government department, an agency, or a special purpose vehicle of the Member State; or
(c) in the case of a federal Member State, a member of the federation; or
(d) a special purpose vehicle for several Member States; or
(e) an international financial institution established by two or more Member States which has the purpose of mobilising funding and provide financial assistance to the benefit of its members that are experiencing or threatened by severe financing problems; or
(f) the European Investment Bank.
A central bank is often a nationalised institution in charge of the production and distribution of money and credit in the system it resides over. It is usually responsible for monetary policy and the regulation of member banks.
A central government is the government of a nation-state. While some countries may have regional governments that operate autonomously, the central goverment is the governing system that is concerned with issues that affect the entire nation.
A public sector entity is defined in the FCA handbook as any of the following:
(a) non-commercial administrative bodies responsible to central governments, regional governments or local authorities; or
(b) authorities that exercise the same responsibilities as regional and local authorities; or
(c) non commercial undertakings owned by central governments that have explicit guarantee arrangements; or
(d) self administered bodies governed by law that are under public supervision.
A specific distinction for Singaporean public sector entities. The statutory boards of the Singapore Government are organisations that have been given autonomy to perform an operational function by legal statutes passed as Acts in parliament. The statutes define the purpose, rights and powers of the authority. They usually report to one specific ministry.
A more comprehensive list can be found here:
Singaporean Statutory Boards
In the UK, public corporations are corporate bodies, sometimes with plc or Ltd in their title. Ownership by government
may be total, as in the case of those corporations established by Act of Parliament, or through majority share-holdings.
Public control is over broad aspects of policy; public corporations are free to manage their day to day operations independently.
Trust ports in Northern Ireland and ports belonging to public corporations continue to be classed as ‘public corporations’, as do certain airport companies, which were set up by local authorities under the terms of the 1986 Airports Act.
A list of these entities can be found at www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/datasets/publicsectorclassificationguide.
Social security funds are social insurance programmes covering the community as a whole or large sections of the community that are imposed and controlled by a government unit. They generally involve compulsory contributions by employees or employers or both, and the terms on which benefits are paid to recipients are determined by a government unit.
Social security funds have to be distinguished from other social insurance programmes which are determined by mutual agreement between individual employers and their employees.
Note: This item corresponds to HF.1.2 in the ICHA-HF classification of health care financing (see SHA, chapters 6 and 11).
Source Publication: OECD Health Data 2001: A Comparative Analysis of 30 Countries, OECD, Paris, 2001, data sources, definitions and methods.
Cross References: Social security funds - SNA
Credit institution is defined in Article 4 of CRR:
(1) ‘credit institution’ means an undertaking the business of which is to take deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for its own account
A commercial bank whose charter is approved by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) rather than by a state banking agency. National banks are required to be members of the Federal Reserve System and belong to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Refer to FFIEC Institution Types.
Commercial banks that are state-chartered and not members of the Federal Reserve System. Include all insured commercial banks and industrial banks. Refer to FFIEC Institution Types.
A promotional lender is defined by the EU here Article 10.1(e):
(ii) any credit institution whose purpose is to advance the public policy objectives of the Union or of the central or regional government or local authority in a Member State predominantly through the provision of promotional loans on a non-competitive, not for profit basis, provided that at least 90 % of the loans that it grants are directly or indirectly guaranteed by the central or regional government or local authority and that any exposure to that regional government or local authority, as applicable, is treated as an exposure to the central government of the Member State in accordance with Article 115(2) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
This would also include any national legislated government programmes. For example, in OSFI BCAR template schedule 40.120 and Chapter 4, P77, equity issued related by any level of government related to programmes that provide significant subsidies for the investment to the institution and involve government oversight and restrictions on the equity investments.
Equity issued, guaranteed or related to the US Federal Reserve Bank that obtain favour risk weight treatment. Reference OSFI BCAR template schedule 40.120.
Equity issued, guaranteed or related to US Federal Home Loan Bank that obtain favour risk weight treatment. Reference OSFI BCAR template schedule 40.120.
Investment firm is defined under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) Article 4(1):
any legal person whose regular occupation or business is the provision of one or more investment services to third parties and/or the performance of one or more investment activities on a professional basis.
Member States may include in the definition of investment firms undertakings which are not legal persons, provided that:
(a) their legal status ensures a level of protection for third parties’ interests equivalent to that afforded by legal persons; and
(b) they are subject to equivalent prudential supervision appropriate to their legal form.
However, where a natural person provides services involving the holding of third party funds or transferable securities, that person may be considered to be an investment firm for the purposes of this Directive and of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 only if, without prejudice to the other requirements imposed in this Directive, in Regulation (EU) No 600/2014, and in Directive 2013/36/EU, that person complies with the following conditions:
(a) the ownership rights of third parties in instruments and funds must be safeguarded, especially in the event of the insolvency of the firm or of its proprietors, seizure, set-off or any other action by creditors of the firm or of its proprietors;
(b) the firm must be subject to rules designed to monitor the firm’s solvency and that of its proprietors;
(c) the firm’s annual accounts must be audited by one or more persons empowered, under national law, to audit accounts;
(d) where the firm has only one proprietor, that person must make provision for the protection of investors in the event of the firm’s cessation of business following the proprietor’s death or incapacity or any other such event.
Organisational requirements under Article 16 of MiFID 2
An investment firm should:
a) maintain and operate an effective organisational and administrative arrangements to taking all reasonable steps designed to prevent conflicts of interest affecting the interests of its clients;
b) Maintain, operate and review a process for the approval of financial instruments before marketed or distributed to clients, including target market, relevant risks and distribution strategy;
c) review regularly the financial instruments offered;
d) make available appropriate information on the financial instrument and the product approval process, including target market;
e) have in place adequate arrangements to obtain the above information if offers financial instruments that they do not manufacture;
f) take reasonable steps to ensure continuity and regularity in the performance of investment services and activities (appropriate and proportionate system, resources and procedures);
g) ensure it takes reasonable steps to avoid undue operational risk in the case of outsourcing of critical functions (internal control and ability to monitor the firms compliance with all obligations needs to remain at the firm);
h) have sound administrative and accounting procedures, internal control mechanisms, effective procedures for risk assessment and effective control and safeguard arrangements for information processing systems;
i) have sound security mechanisms to guarantee the security and authentication of the means of transfer of information, minimise risk of data corruption and unauthorized access and to prevent information leakage maintaining the confidentiality of the data at all times;
j) arrange for records to be kept of all services, activities and transactions undertaken which are sufficient to enable the competent authority to fulfil its supervisory tasks to ascertain the investment firm has complied with all relevant obligations;
k) records shall include the recording of telephone conversations or electronic communications relate to transactions concluded when dealing on own account and the provision of client order services that relate to the receptions transmission and execution of client orders.
Investment firm is defined in the FCA Handbook as:
(1) any person whose regular occupation or business is the provision of one or more investment services to third parties and/or the performance of one or more investment activities on a professional basis.
[Note: article 4(1)(1) of MiFID]
(2) (in REC) a MiFID investment firm, or a person who would be a MiFID investment firm if it had its head office in the EEA.
(3) (in IFPRU and BIPRU 12) has the meaning in article 4(1)(2) of the EU CRR.
(4) (in GENPRU (except GENPRU 3) and BIPRU (except BIPRU 12) any of the following:
(a) a firm in (3); and
(b) a BIPRU firm.
(5) (in SYSC 19A(IFPRU Remuneration Code)) a firm in (3).
(6) (in SYSC 19D (Dual-regulated firms Remuneration Code)) a firm in (3) that is a UK designated investment firm.
A collective investment undertaking is defined by the EU here Article 4(1)(7):
‘collective investment undertaking’ or ‘CIU’ means a UCITS as defined in Article 1(2) of Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) (21), including, unless otherwise provided, third-country entities which carry out similar activities, which are subject to supervision pursuant to Union law or to the law of a third country which applies supervisory and regulatory requirements at least equivalent to those applied in the Union, an AIF as defined in Article 4(1)(a) of Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on Alternative Investment Fund Managers (22), or a non-EU AIF as defined in Article 4(1)(aa) of that Directive;
A general term for collective investment vehicles and management companies. For example, those defined under the US Investment Company Act 1940 but not qualifying as an EU CIU. There does not appear to be a cross-jurisdictional, unified classification of types of funds
A private equity fund is a type of private fund distinguished by its objective to take mainly controlling interests in business to actively increase their value. See SEC glossary: Private Equity Fund glossary
A hedge fund is a type of private fund that generally invests in a diverse range of securities and typically has more flexible investment strategies than mutual funds. Many hedge funds seek to profit by using leverage (borrowing to increase investment exposure as well as risk), short-selling, and other speculative investment practices. SEC glossary
A pension fund is defined in the [EU Pension Fund Statistical Reporting Requirements Regulation][https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32018R0231#:~:text=%E2%80%98pension%20fund%20(PF,death%20and%20disability.]
Money Market Funds are well defined under the EU legislation for Money Market Funds (MMFR):
This Regulation applies to collective investment undertakings that:
(a) require authorisation as UCITS or are authorised as UCITS under Directive 2009/65/EC or are AIFs under Directive 2011/61/EU;
(b) invest in short-term assets; and
(c) have distinct or cumulative objectives offering returns in line with money market rates or preserving the value of the investment.
In other jurisdictions, money market funds are identifiable based on their investments into ‘money market instruments’ which are typically short-term (< 1 year) and/or undergo regular yield adjustments in line with money markets conditions once per year.
From Directive 2009/65/EC:
Money market instruments comprise transferable instruments which are normally dealt in on the money market rather than on the regulated markets, for example treasury and local authority bills, certificates of deposit, commercial papers, medium-term notes and bankers’ acceptances.
Local firm is defined by the EU here Article 4(1)(4):
‘local firm’ means a firm dealing for its own account on markets in financial futures or options or other derivatives and on cash markets for the sole purpose of hedging positions on derivatives markets, or dealing for the accounts of other members of those markets and being guaranteed by clearing members of the same markets, where responsibility for ensuring the performance of contracts entered into by such a firm is assumed by clearing members of the same markets
A securitisation special purpose entity is defined in the FCA Handbook as:
(1) (in accordance with Article 4(44) of the Banking Consolidation Directive (Definitions) and for the purposes of BIPRU) a corporation, trust or other entity, other than a credit institution, organised for carrying on a securitisation or securitisations (within the meaning of paragraph (2) of the definition of securitisation), the activities of which are limited to those appropriate to accomplishing that objective, the structure of which is intended to isolate the obligations of the SSPE from those of the originator, and the holders of the beneficial interests in which have the right to pledge or exchange those interests without restriction.
(2) (in MIPRU) a corporation, trust or other entity that has the following characteristics:
(a) it is organised for carrying on a securitisation or securitisations (within the meaning of paragraph (2) of the definition of securitisation);
(b) its activities are limited to those appropriate to accomplishing such securitisation or securitisations; and
(c) its structure is intended to isolate its obligations from those of the originator.
a firm with permission to effect or carry out contracts of insurance (other than a UK ISPV ).
Where insurance consists of:
(1) (in relation to a specified investment) the investment, specified in article 75 of the Regulated Activities Order (Contracts of insurance), which is rights under a contract of insurance in (2).
(2) (in relation to a contract) (in accordance with article 3(1) of the Regulated Activities Order (Interpretation)) any contract of insurance which is a long-term insurance contract or a general insurance contract, including:
(a) fidelity bonds, performance bonds, administration bonds, bail bonds, customs bonds or similar contracts of guarantee, where these are:
(i) effected or carried out by a person not carrying on a banking business;
(ii) not effected merely incidentally to some other business carried on by the person effecting them; and
(iii) effected in return for the payment of one or more premiums;
(b) tontines;
(c) capital redemption contracts or pension fund management contracts, where these are effected or carried out by a person who:
(i) does not carry on a banking business; and
(ii) otherwise carries on the regulated activity of effecting or carrying out contracts of insurance;
(d) contracts to pay annuities on human life;
(e) contracts of a kind referred to in article 2(2)(e) of the Consolidated Life Directive (Collective insurance etc); and
(f) contracts of a kind referred to in article 2(3) of the Consolidated Life Directive (Social insurance);
but not including a funeral plan contract (or a contract which would be a funeral plan contract but for the exclusion in article 60 of the Regulated Activities Order (Plans covered by insurance or trust arrangements)); in this definition, “annuities on human life” does not include superannuation allowances and annuities payable out of any fund applicable solely to the relief and maintenance of persons engaged, or who have been engaged, in any particular profession, trade or employment, or of the dependants of such persons.
A financial holding copmany is defined by the EU here Article 4(1)(20):
(20) ‘financial holding company’ means a financial institution, the subsidiaries of which are exclusively or mainly institutions or financial institutions, at least one of such subsidiaries being an institution, and which is not a mixed financial holding company;
Private Mortgage Insurer is financial institution that provides insurance to residential mortgages that may get part of guaranteed amount backed by federal government. Under OSFI rules, PMI guaranteed amounts may get split between a backstop and a deductiable portion.
A financial holding copmany is defined by the EU here Article 3:
‘personal investment company’ (’PIC’) means an undertaking or a trust whose owner or beneficial owner, respectively, is a natural person or a group of closely related natural persons, which was set up with the sole purpose of managing the wealth of the owners and which does not carry out any other commercial, industrial or professional activity. The purpose of the PIC may include other ancillary activities such as segregating the owners’ assets from corporate assets, facilitating the transmission of assets within a family or preventing a split of the assets after the death of a member of the family, provided these are connected to the main purpose of managing the owners’ wealth;
A credit union is a financial co-operative owned by its members.
The services that credit unions can offer include:
deposit-taking
savings
lending
These services are regulated activities.
However, it should be noted that credit_union is regarded as non-financial for NSFR reporting, as per Article 428am CRR.
A federally affiliated financial cooperative association organized for the purpose of promoting thrift among its members and creating a source of credit for provident or productive purposes. Refer to FFIEC Institution Types.
A state affiliated financial cooperative association organized for the purpose of promoting thrift among its members and creating a source of credit for provident or productive purposes. Refer to FFIEC Institution Types.
A deposit broker can be an individual or a firm that facilitates the placement of deposits with insured depository institutions. Deposit brokers offer investors an assortment of fixed-term investment products, which earn low-risk returns.
A financial institution that offers a variety of savings accounts to attract deposits, mainly from the general public, and which specializes in the provision of long-term mortgage loans used to purchase property. They have entered into arrangements with other financial institutions that have enabled them to provide their depositors with limited banking facilities (the use of cheque books and credit cards, for instance) and other financial services, a development that has been given added impetus by the BUILDING SOCIETIES ACT 1986.
Trade finance means financing, including guarantees, connected to the exchange of goods and services through financial products of fixed short-term maturity, generally of less than one year, without automatic rollover
loans or leases for the financing of motor vehicles or trailers (see Article 3 of Directive 2007/46/EC).
agricultural or forestry tractors (see Directive 2003/37/EC)
tracked vehicles (see Directive 2007/46/EC)
Such loans or leases may include ancillary insurance and service products or additional vehicle parts, and in the case of leases, the residual value of leased vehicles.
A new_auto loan is a type of auto loan provided for the purchase of a brand new vehicle, typically purchased directly from a manufacturer or authorized dealer. The loan is based on the vehicle’s full market value at the time of purchase, and the vehicle has no previous owners.
A used_auto loan is a type of auto loan provided specifically for the purchase of a pre-owned vehicle. It involves financing for vehicles that are not considered new (i.e. have had prior owners). The loan is subject to terms and conditions based on the vehicle’s age, condition, and market value.
A cd is a non-negotiable, or not transferable, certificate of deposit. E.g. FDIC guaranteed CDs. See also [FINRA definition][https://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/InterpretationsFOR/p522384_0.pdf].
For negotiable CDs, in particular in the context of trade finance, see the Security schema, which may be more applicable for your use case.
commercial loans, leases and credit facilities to undertakings established in a Member State to finance capital expenditures or business operations other than the acquisition or development of commercial real estate
This includes commercial loans or mortgages that do not fall under commercial due to their real estate connection and do not classify as mortgage either due to the customer not being an individual or the occupation of the property not being residential.
A liquidity_facility means the securitisation position arising from a contractual agreement to provide funding to ensure timeliness of cash flows to investors, as outlined in Article 242(3) in CRR.
A q_reverse_mortgage is a qualified reverse mortgage which adheres to the stipulations defined in OSFI BCAR Chapter 4 P 116, and therefore qualifies for preferential risk weight treatment
From the UK Gov, the mortgage_charter is an agreement between UK lenders and the UK Government to help regulated residential mortgage borrowers manage their mortgage during the period of heightened interest rates. This is done by restructuring their mortgages to interest only (for a short period) or extending the maturity of their loans.
A charge_card is a type of credit card that requires the owner to pay the statement balance in full, usually monthly. See common differences with a standard credit card here
corporate_card is an employer-sponsored credit card for use by a company’s employee. The employee is liable to repay the balance in full and the employer is not ultimately responsible for the repayment of credit losses.
A home equity line of credit is a form of revolving credit in which your home serves as collateral. Because a home often is a consumer’s most valuable asset, many homeowners use home equity credit lines only for major items, such as education, home improvements, or medical bills, and choose not to use them for day-to-day expenses.
Nostro loans are the firm’s accounts at other financial institutions which are in effect loans to other firms. Nostros are used in the context of correspondent banking operations which are described by the ECB:
Correspondent banking: an arrangement under which one credit institution provides payment and other services to another credit institution. Payments through correspondents are often executed through reciprocal accounts (nostro and loro accounts) to which standing credit lines may be attached. Correspondent banking services are primarily provided across international boundaries but are also known as agency relationships in some domestic contexts.
A loro (vostro) account is the term used by a correspondent to describe an account held on behalf of a foreign credit institution; the foreign credit institution would in turn regard this account as its nostro account.
From the UK Gov, a finance lease is an arrangement under which one person (the lessor) provides the money to buy an asset which is used by another (the lessee) in return for an interest charge. The lessor has security because they own the asset. The terms of the leasing arrangements aim to give the lessor an interest like turn and no more or less – however good or bad the asset proves to be for the end user.
An education loan is a sum of money borrowed to finance post-secondary education or higher education-related expenses. Education loans are intended to cover the cost of tuition, books and supplies, and living expenses while the borrower is in the process of pursuing a degree. Payments are often deferred while students are in college and, depending on the lender, for an additional six-month period after earning a degree.
A home equity loan allows you to borrow money using the equity in your home as collateral. Equity is the amount your property is currently worth, minus the amount of any existing mortgage on your property. You receive the money from a home equity loan as a lump sum. Refer to CFPB’s explanation of home equity loans.
Any line of credit that contains a “lock-out” feature whereby a portion of the outstanding principal balance on a line may be locked into an amortizing or interest only loan with separate terms.
A distribution of a company’s post-tax profits made to its shareholders. Dividends are usually paid in cash but can also be satisfied by the transfer of non-cash assets or by shares in the company itself.
[dividend]: https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-107-6135?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
As per OSFI and BCBS, a Speculative unlisted equity is defined as “an equity investments in unlisted companies that are invested for short-term resale purposes, or are considered venture capital or similar investments which are subject to price volatility and are acquired in anticipation of significant future capital gains, or are held with trading intent. Investments in unlisted equities of corporate clients with which the institution has or intends to establish a long-term business relationship and debt-equity swaps for corporate restructuring purposes would be excluded.” OSFI Chapter 4 P76.
According to IAS 32.33, if an entity reacquires its own equity instruments, those instruments shall be considered treasury shares, and shall be deducted from equity.
The main_index_equity identifies equities that are constituents of a main index for the purposes of applying a volatility adjustment in line with Article 224.
This is a “catch all” term for debt of any kind, bond, bond_amortising, covered_bond, abs, residential_mbs, non_residential_mbs, frn, govt_gteed_frn, to be used when further granularity is not available or not needed.
Covered bonds are debt instruments issued by credit institutions and secured by a cover pool of assets which typically consist of mortgage loans or public sector debt to which investors have a preferential claim in the event of default. Their secured nature and certain additional safety features, such as the requirement on the issuer to replace non-performing assets in the cover pool and maintain the cover pool at a value exceeding the par value of the bonds (’asset coverage requirement’), have contributed to make covered bonds relatively low-risk, yield-bearing instruments with a key funding role in mortgage markets of most Member States. In certain Member States outstanding covered bond issuance exceeds the pool of outstanding government bonds. Certain covered bonds of credit quality step 1, in particular, exhibited an excellent liquidity performance during the period from 1 January 2008 to 30 June 2012 analysed by the EBA in its report. Nevertheless the EBA recommended treating these covered bonds as level 2A assets to align with BCBS standards. However, in the light of the considerations made above about their credit quality, liquidity performance and role in the funding markets of the Union, it is appropriate for these credit quality step 1 covered bonds to be treated as level 1 assets. In order to avoid excessive concentration risks and unlike other level 1 assets, the holdings of credit quality step 1 covered bonds in the liquidity buffer should be subject to a 70 % cap of the overall buffer, a minimum 7 % haircut and to the diversification requirement.
Generally, a convertible_bond is a security which gives the investor the right to convert the security into shares at an agreed price on an agreed basis.
A Euro medium-term note is a medium-term (less than 5 years), flexible debt instrument that is traded and issued outside of the US and Canada. A medium-term note is the same but is traded in the US and Canada.
From UK Legislation, a bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.
Structure notes shall comprise contracts with embedded derivatives that are not covered bonds, asset backed securities, or classified as convertible compound financial instruments. They are a type of fixed-term investment where the amount you earn depends on the performance of a specific market (such as the FTSE 100) or specific assets (such as shares in individual companies).(https://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/structured-products)
An asset-backed security is a security whose income payments and hence value are derived from and collateralised (or “backed”) by a specified pool of underlying assets. The pool of assets is typically a group of small and illiquid assets which are unable to be sold individually. Pooling the assets into financial instruments allows them to be sold to general investors, a process called securitisation. This allows the risk of investing in the underlying assets to be diversified because each security will represent a fraction of the total value of the diverse pool of underlying assets. The pools of underlying assets can include common payments from credit cards, auto loans, and mortgage loans, to esoteric cash flows from aircraft leases, royalty payments and movie revenues.
The receivables or assets underlying the securitisation must be credit claims or receivables with defined terms relating to rental payments or principal and interest payment. Any referenced interest payments should be based on commonly encountered market interest rates and may include terms for caps and floors, but should not reference complex formulae or exotic derivatives.
A non-exhaustive list of examples of underlying assets that may comply with the above principles, (subject to meeting all other criteria) could include:
Building Societies Association defines Permanent interest bearing shares (PIBS) as fixed-interest securities issued by building societies, and quoted on the stock market. They are bond like instruments in that they pay interest, but they have no maturity date - PIBS typically exist as long as their issuer does.
A residential mortgage-backed security secured by a pool of mortages that are deemed to be income producing. Income producing mortages are defined as loans whose prospects for servicing them materially depend on the cash flows generated by the properties securing the loans rather than on the underlying capacity of the borrower to service the debt from other sources.
This type value is in order to indicate whether the security is subject to transitional provisions for securitisations backed by residential loans:
LCR Article 37:
By derogation from Article 13, securitisations issued before 1 October 2015, where the underlying exposures are residential loans as referred to in point (g)(i) of Article 13(2), shall qualify as Level 2B assets if they meet all the requirements set out in Article 13 other than the loan-to-value or loan-to-income requirements set out in that point (g)(i) of Article 13(2).
By derogation from Article 13, securitisations issued after 1 October 2015, where the underlying exposures are residential loans as referred to in point (g)(i) of Article 13(2) that do not meet the average loan-to-value or the loan-to-income requirements set out in that point, shall qualify as Level 2B assets until 1 October 2025, provided that the underlying exposures include residential loans that were not subject to a national law regulating loan-to-income limits at the time they were granted and such residential loans were granted at any time prior to 1 October 2015.
A commercial mortgage-backed security secured by a pool of mortages that are deemed to be income producing. Income producing mortages are defined as loans whose prospects for servicing them materially depend on the cash flows generated by the properties securing the loans rather than on the underlying capacity of the borrower to service the debt from other sources.
National Housing Act (NHA) MBS that are guaranteed by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), will receive a risk weight of 0% in recognition of the fact that obligations incurred by CMHC are legal obligations of the Government of Canada.
A debt instrument for which the periodic interest payments are calculated on the basis of the value, i.e. through fixing of an underlying reference rate such as Euribor on predefined dates known as fixing dates, and which has a maturity of not more than one year.
note: “one year” is defined as transactions with a maturity date of not more than 397 days after the trade date
reserves held by the credit institution in a central bank referred to in points (i) and (ii) provided that the credit institution is permitted to withdraw such reserves at any time during stress periods and the conditions for such withdrawal have been specified in an agreement between the relevant competent authority and the ECB or the central bank;
include balances receivable on demand at central banks.
Central Bank reserves that are not liquid and not withdrawable. See Article 7 (2) and Article 10 (1)(b)(iii) of the LCR. (Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 to supplement Regulation (EU) No 575/2013)
The Levy will be applied on a proportional basis, which means that the Bank will allocate the policy costs to be recovered by the Levy in proportion to an eligible institution’s liability base. Eligible liabilities are defined in the Glossary. This will be a continuation of how the CRD scheme operated. The policy rationale for using the eligible liability base is the link between the size of a financial institution’s liabilities and its potential impact on the Bank’s financial stability and monetary policy functions.
‘Financial guarantees’ are contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder of a loss it incurs, because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Under IFRS or compatible National GAAP, these contracts meet the IAS 39.9 and IFRS 4.A definition of financial guarantee contracts. The following items of Annex I of the CRR shall be classified as ‘financial guarantees’:
(a) Guarantees having the character of credit substitute.
(b) Credit derivatives that meet the definition of financial guarantee.
(c) Irrevocable standby letters of credit having the character of credit substitutes.
From the EBA’s report on the NSFR, section 6.2.1 outlines what trade credit insurance is:
A seller providing trade credit is exposed to the credit risk of the buyer. Trade credit insurance provides the seller with protection against the risk of non-payment by the buyer. The nonpayment may be due to the insolvency of the buyer or, in an international trade, due to political risks that prevent payment.
From the EBA’s report on the NSFR, section 6.2.2, a letter of credit is:
When goods are traded, the seller and the buyer need to agree on the process of how to pay for the goods. While the buyer may be reluctant to prepay for the traded goods, the seller may also be unwilling to ship the goods before payment is made. In this situation, a bank can intermediate between the trading partners by providing an import letter of credit (L/C) to the buyer of the goods, which guarantees payment to the seller.
A L/C is a contingent liability and payment is only made by the bank to the seller from funds in the buyer’s account when the documentation of shipping is presented.
From Title 13, Chapter I, Part 120, Subpart J, Section 120.1708 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-13/chapter-I/part-120/subpart-J/section-120.1708
SBA guarantees to a Pool Investor the timely payment of principal and interest installments and any prepayment or other recovery of principal to which the Pool Investor is entitled. If an Obligor misses a scheduled payment pursuant to the terms of the Pool Note underlying a Loan Interest backing a Pool Certificate, SBA, through the CSA, will make advances to maintain the schedule of interest and principal payments to the Pool Investor. If SBA makes such payments, it is subrogated fully to the rights satisfied by such payment.
Also see: https://catran.sba.gov/ftadistapps/ftawiki/pdf/p.cfm?a=SBA%20Guaranteed%20Loan%20Pool%20Cert%2E%20Program%20Guidelines%2Epdf
“Acceptances” are obligations by an institution to pay on maturity the face value of a bill of exchange, normally covering the sale of goods. Consequently, they are classified as “trade receivables” on the balance sheet
‘Financial guarantees’ are contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder of a loss it incurs, because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Under IFRS or compatible National GAAP, these contracts meet the IAS 39.9 and IFRS 4.A definition of financial guarantee contracts. The following items of Annex I of the CRR shall be classified as ‘financial guarantees’:
(a) Guarantees having the character of credit substitute.
(b) Credit derivatives that meet the definition of financial guarantee.
(c) Irrevocable standby letters of credit having the character of credit substitutes.
Index-linked securities are securities whose notional amount and interest amount are linked on the intial and final values of an index, generally an inflation index.
A debt instrument in which the issuer has a call option, i.e. an option to redeem the instrument early, with a final repayment date of not more than one year from the date of issuance.
prepaid card means a category of payment instrument on which electronic money, as defined in point 2 of Article 2 of Directive 2009/110/EC, is stored. This can also include cash-loaded smart cards or electronic money schemes, for which pre-payment has been received.
debit card means a category of payment instrument that enables the payer to initiate a debit card transaction excluding those with prepaid cards;
debit card transaction means a card-based payment transaction, including those with prepaid cards that is not a credit card transaction;
A credit card is typically an off-balance sheet, contingent funding obligation whereby a customer has a certian credit limit and may borrow funds at any point, up to that limit, similar to a card-based credit facility.
There are two main types of credit cards available on the market. With deferred debit cards, the total amount of transactions is debited from the cardholder account at a pre-agreed specific date, usually once a month, without interest to be paid. With other credit cards, the cardholder can use a credit facility in order to reimburse part of the amounts due at a later date than specified, together with interest or other costs.
A credit card is then defined in Article 2 (34) and (5) as:
credit card means a category of payment instrument that enables the payer to initiate a credit card transaction;
credit card transaction means a card-based payment transaction where the amount of the transaction is debited in full or in part at a pre agreed specific calendar month date to the payer, in line with a prearranged credit facility, with or without interest;
As referenced in the LCR Regulation Article 28 (6) as any account:
containing notes, bonds and other securities issued which are sold exclusively in the retail market and held in a retail account. Limitations shall be placed such that those instruments cannot be bought and held by parties other than retail customers.
An internet-only account is one that is offered and only accessible via the internet. The FCA defines the internet in their handbook as:
a unique medium for communicating financial promotions as it provides easy access to a very wide audience. At the same time, it provides very little control over who is able to access the financial promotion.
The distinction here linked to financial promotions suggests that internet-only accounts are sold and managed through a higher risk channel and therefore should be regulated spearately to other accounts.
A money market account is an interest-bearing account that typically pays a higher interest rate than a savings account, and which provides the account holder with limited check-writing ability.
Money market accounts are accounts where the customer’s money has been invested in the “money markets” either directly in money market instruments or money market funds which are described in the 2013 Proposal for the Regulation of Money Market Funds as providing a key component of corporate banking:
On the demand side, MMFs offer a short-term cash management tool that provides a high degree of liquidity, diversification, stability of value combined with a market-based yield. MMFs are mainly used by corporations seeking to invest their excess cash for a short time frame, for example until a major expenditure, such as the payroll, is due.
Money market deposits are mentioned in association with definitions of cash in that they represent claims for the repayment of money.
Nostro and vostro (loro) accounts are used in the context of correspondent banking operations which are described in [ECB guidelines on monetary policy instruments][ecb-guidelines] from 2003:
Correspondent banking: an arrangement under which one credit institution provides payment and other services to another credit institution. Payments through correspondents are often executed through reciprocal accounts (nostro and loro accounts) to which standing credit lines may be attached. Correspondent banking services are primarily provided across international boundaries but are also known as agency relationships in some domestic contexts.
A loro account is the term used by a correspondent to describe an account held on behalf of a foreign credit institution; the foreign credit institution would in turn regard this account as its nostro account.
An account subject to the European Council Directive on taxation of savings. A savings account essentially does not allow the customer to use funds in the account as a “medium of exchange” such as writing checks or for making ATM withdrawals. Hence, funds are typically not callable immediately and/or incur a withdrawal penalty such as loss of interest.
In the US, Regulation D uses the characteristics of the ‘reservation of right’ and ‘convenient’ withdrawals to describe savings accounts:
In order to classify an account as a ‘savings deposit,’ the institution must in its account agreement with the customer reserve the right at any time to require seven days’ advance written notice of an intended withdrawal. In practice, this right is never exercised, but the institution must nevertheless reserve that right in the account agreement. In addition, for an account to be
classified as a ‘savings deposit,’ the depositor may make no more than six ‘convenient’ transfers or withdrawals per month from the account.
A fixed-term deposit with a specific end_date.
The US Regulation D describes time deposits as having the following characteristics:
Time deposit accounts have the following characteristics:
must have a maturity of at least seven days from
the date of deposit
may require at least seven days’ prior written
notice of intent to withdraw funds
must be subject to early withdrawal penalties if
funds are withdrawn within six days of the date of
deposit or within six days of the date of the
immediately preceding partial withdrawal
may be interest-bearing
may be evidenced by a negotiable or nonnegotiable,
transferable or nontransferable certificate,
instrument, passbook, book entry, or
other similar instrument
include club accounts (such as Christmas club or
vacation club accounts)
The term “Depository Account” includes any commercial, checking, savings, time, or thrift account, or an account that is evidenced by a certificgitcheckoutate of deposit, thrift certificate, investment certificate, certificate of indebtedness, or other similar instrument maintained by a Financial Institution in the ordinary course of a banking or similar business. A Depository Account also includes an amount held by an insurance company pursuant to a guaranteed investment contract or similar agreement to pay or credit interest thereon.
accruals are liabilities to pay for goods or services that have been received or supplied but have not been paid, invoiced or formally agreed with the supplier, including amounts due to employees (for example, amounts relating to accrued vacation pay). https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/publications/pdf-standards/english/2022/issued/part-a/ias-37-provisions-contingent-liabilities-and-contingent-assets.pdf
An account which holds the amortisation amount of intangible assets measured at cost model. IAS 38.74 defines cost model measurement of intangible assets as follow:
After initial recognition intangible assets should be carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses
A deferred account is an account in which the recognition of certain revenue or expenses on the income statement is delayed for a certain period of time. For example, a deferred tax asset, which is reported in F1.01 of FINREP, is defined by IAS 12.5 as follows:
the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:
(a) deductible temporary differences;
(b) the carryforward of unused tax losses; and
(c) the carryforward of unused tax credits.
Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.
Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:
(a) deductible temporary differences;
(b) the carry forward of unused tax losses; and
(c) the carry forward of unused tax credits.
[deferred_tax]: https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ias-12-income-taxes/
Undeferred is used to avoid confusion with a customer current account. This is in reference to a current asset or current liability eg. (current tax liability) where it is recognised typically within the next 12 months.
An account that holds tangible assets. From the definition of an intangible asset, we can infer that tangible assets refers to an asset has physical substance, for example, property or machinery.
Transactions will be considered to be in suspense if there is some doubt at the time of reporting regarding how the transaction should be classified and reported, for example, which ledger should it be posted to.
MAS Notice 610 and Notice 1003 refers to suspense accounts as all outstanding unreconciled amounts that are kept in suspense.
A prepaid expense is an expenditure paid for in one accounting period, but for which the underlying asset will not be consumed until a future period. https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/prepaid-expenses-accounting
An account holding reserves. Reserves are created from profit or from capital gains and are retained by an entity for a specific or more general purpose. Reserves are essentially anything on the equity side of the balance sheet that is not capital.
Options which give the buyer the right to enter into an interest rate swap with the option seller, with either a physical settlement or a cash-settlement.
A credit default swap means a derivative contract in which one party pays a fee to another party in return for a payment or other benefit in the case of a credit event relating to a reference entity and of any other default, relating to that derivative contract, which has a similar economic effect;
A non-deliverable forward is a cash-settled, and usually short-term, forward contract. The notional amount is never exchanged, hence the name “non-deliverable.” Two parties agree to take opposite sides of a transaction for a set amount of money - at a contracted rate, in the case of a currency NDF. This means that counterparties settle the difference between contracted NDF price and the prevailing spot price. The profit or loss is calculated on the notional amount of the agreement by taking the difference between the agreed-upon rate and the spot rate at the time of settlement.
NDFs are also known as forward contracts for differences (FCD).
A non-deliverable swap is a variation on a currency swap between major and minor currencies that is restricted or not convertible. This means that there is no actual delivery of the two currencies involved in the swap, unlike a typical currency swap where there is physical exchange of currency flows. Instead, periodic settlement of a NDS is done on a cash basis, generally in U.S. dollars.
The settlement value is based on the difference between the exchange rate specified in the swap contract and the spot rate, with one party paying the other the difference. A non-deliverable swap can be viewed as a series of non-deliverable forwards bundled together.
A forward rate agreement is an interest rate forward contract in which the rate to be paid or received on a specific obligation for a set period of time, beginning at some time in the future, is determined at contract initiation.
A forward is a non-standardized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed on at the time of conclusion of the contract, making it a type of derivative instrument. The party agreeing to buy the underlying asset in the future assumes a long position, and the party agreeing to sell the asset in the future assumes a short position. The price agreed upon is called the delivery price, which is equal to the forward price at the time the contract is entered into.
The price of the underlying instrument, in whatever form, is paid before control of the instrument changes.
A futures contract (sometimes called futures) is a standardized legal agreement to buy or sell something at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future, between parties not known to each other. The asset transacted is usually a commodity or financial instrument. The predetermined price the parties agree to buy and sell the asset for is known as the forward price. The specified time in the future—which is when delivery and payment occur—is known as the delivery date. Because it is a function of an underlying asset, a futures contract is a derivative product.
Contracts are negotiated at futures exchanges, which act as a marketplace between buyers and sellers. The buyer of a contract is said to be the long position holder and the selling party is said to be the short position holder.
A derivative contract, agreed between two counterparties, which specifies the nature of an exchange of payments benchmarked against two interest rate indexes denominated in two different currencies. It also specifies an initial exchange of notional currency in each different currency and the terms of that repayment of notional currency over the life of the swap.
The most common XCS, and that traded in interbank markets, is a mark-to-market (MTM) XCS, whereby notional exchanges are regularly made throughout the life of the swap according to FX rate fluctuations. This is done to maintain a swap whose MTM value remains neutral and does not become either a large asset or liability (due to FX rate fluctuations) throughout its life.
The assets can be provided: either by transfer of full ownership from a collateral provider to a collateral taker; or by the transfer of possession from a collateral provider to a collateral taker under a security right (e.g. pledge, charge or lien), where the full ownership of the assets remains with the collateral provider.
‘Residential real estate’ (RRE) means any immovable property located in the domestic territory, available for dwelling purposes, acquired, built or renovated by a private household and that is not qualified as a CRE property. If a property has a mixed use, it should be considered as different properties (based for example on the surface areas dedicated to each use) whenever it is feasible to make such breakdown; otherwise, the property can be classified according to its dominant use.
A cooperative housing unit where residents own shares in a corporation that owns the building, rather than owning the actual unit. The corporation owns the building and each shareholder has the right to occupy a specific unit through a proprietary lease or occupancy agreement.
A condominium unit where the owner has exclusive ownership of the individual unit and shared ownership of common areas and facilities with other unit owners. The owner has a deed to their specific unit and pays fees for maintenance of common areas.
A factory-built home that is constructed to the federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (HUD Code) and is permanently affixed to a foundation. These homes are built in a controlled factory environment and transported to the site in one or more sections.
A planned unit development (PUD) is a type of residential development that combines different types of housing units and land uses within a single development. PUDs typically include a mix of single-family homes, townhouses, and condominiums, along with common areas and amenities.
A property that combines residential and non-residential uses, where the residential portion represents more than 50% of the total space. This includes properties with ground-floor commercial spaces and residential units above.
A type of residential property that shares one or more walls with adjacent properties but has its own entrance and typically spans multiple floors. Townhouses are usually arranged in rows and may be part of a larger development.
Residential property collateral that does not provide the lender with an adequate level of security and may attract a higher risk weight, i.e. collateral that does not meet the necessary conditions on Article 124 (3) of CRR 575/2013.
As per Article 124 (3) of CRR 575/2013: In order to be eligible for the treatment laid down in Article 125(1), point (a), or Article 126(1), point (a), an exposure secured by an immovable property shall fulfil all of the following conditions:
(a) the immovable property securing the exposure meets any of the following conditions:
(i) the immovable property has been fully completed;
(ii) the immovable property is forest or agricultural land;
(iii) the lending is to a natural person and the immovable property is either a residential property under construction or it is land upon which a residential property is planned to be constructed where that plan has been legally approved by all relevant authorities, as applicable, concerned and where any of the following conditions is met:
– the property does not have more than four residential housing units and will be the primary residence of the obligor and the lending to the natural person is not indirectly financing ADC exposures;
– a central government, regional government or local authority or a public sector entity, exposures to which are treated in accordance with Articles 115(2) and 116(4), respectively, has the legal powers and ability to ensure that the property under construction will be finished within a reasonable time frame and is required to or has committed in a legally binding manner to do so where the construction would otherwise not be finished within a reasonable time frame. Alternatively, there is an equivalent legal mechanism to ensure that the property under construction is completed within a resonable timeframe;
(b) the exposure is secured by a first lien held by the institution on the immovable property, or the institution holds the first lien and any sequentially lower ranking lien on that property;
(c) the property value is not materially dependent upon the credit quality of the obligor;
(d) all the information required at origination of the exposure and for monitoring purposes is properly documented, including information on the ability of the obligor to repay and on the valuation of the property;
(e) the requirements set out in Article 208 are met and the valuation rules set out in Article 229(1) are complied with.
For the purposes of point (c), institutions may exclude situations where purely macro-economic factors affect both the value of the property and the performance of the obligor.
Immovable property whose occupation is primarily for non-residential use (e.g. used for business activities and profit generation). Specific regulatory definitions can be found below:
‘Commercial real estate’ (CRE) means any income-producing real estate, either existing or under development, and excludes:
(a) social housing;
(b) property owned by end-users;
(c) buy-to-let housing.
If a property has a mixed CRE and RRE use, it should be considered as different properties (based for example on the surface areas dedicated to each use) whenever it is feasible to make such breakdown; otherwise, the property can be classified according to its dominant use;
Completed retail, office/commercial, industrial, mixed use (with less than 50% residential), warehouse and special purpose properties with > 50% of the space leased/rented to tenants not related to the owner or affiliates. Includes long term care facilities.
Commercial property collateral that does not provide the lender with an adequate level of security and may attract a higher risk weight, i.e. one or more of the conditions laid out in Article 126 (2) of CRR 275/2013 is not met. Also applies to collateral that does not meet the necessary conditions on Article 124 (3) of CRR 575/2013.
As per Article 126 (2) of CRR 275/2013:
Institutions shall consider an exposure or any part of an exposure as fully and completely secured only if all the following conditions are met:
(a) the value of the property shall not materially depend upon the credit quality of the borrower. Institutions may exclude situations where purely macro-economic factors affect both the value of the property and the performance of the borrower from their determination of the materiality of such dependence;
(b) the risk of the borrower shall not materially depend upon the performance of the underlying property or project, but on the underlying capacity of the borrower to repay the debt from other sources, and as a consequence, the repayment of the facility shall not materially depend on any cash flow generated by the underlying property serving as collateral;
(c) the requirements set out in Article 208 and the valuation rules set out in Article 229(1) are met; and
(d) the 50 % risk weight unless otherwise provided under Article 124(2) shall be assigned to the part of the loan that does not exceed 50 % of the market value of the property or 60 % of the mortgage lending value unless otherwise provided under Article 124(2) of the property in question in those Member States that have laid down rigorous criteria for the assessment of the mortgage lending value in statutory or regulatory provisions.
For the purposes of this definition of commercial_property_hr, if the collateral does not meet condition (d) (e.g. has a loan-to-value ratio higher than 60%) but meets conditions (a) to (c), the collateral is not considered to be commercial_property_hr (which is allocated for those exposures with a RW of 100%) but is still classified as ordinary commercial_property collateral.
As per Article 124 (3) of CRR 575/2013: In order to be eligible for the treatment laid down in Article 125(1), point (a), or Article 126(1), point (a), an exposure secured by an immovable property shall fulfil all of the following conditions:
(a) the immovable property securing the exposure meets any of the following conditions:
(i) the immovable property has been fully completed;
(ii) the immovable property is forest or agricultural land;
(iii) the lending is to a natural person and the immovable property is either a residential property under construction or it is land upon which a residential property is planned to be constructed where that plan has been legally approved by all relevant authorities, as applicable, concerned and where any of the following conditions is met:
– the property does not have more than four residential housing units and will be the primary residence of the obligor and the lending to the natural person is not indirectly financing ADC exposures;
– a central government, regional government or local authority or a public sector entity, exposures to which are treated in accordance with Articles 115(2) and 116(4), respectively, has the legal powers and ability to ensure that the property under construction will be finished within a reasonable time frame and is required to or has committed in a legally binding manner to do so where the construction would otherwise not be finished within a reasonable time frame. Alternatively, there is an equivalent legal mechanism to ensure that the property under construction is completed within a resonable timeframe;
(b) the exposure is secured by a first lien held by the institution on the immovable property, or the institution holds the first lien and any sequentially lower ranking lien on that property;
(c) the property value is not materially dependent upon the credit quality of the obligor;
(d) all the information required at origination of the exposure and for monitoring purposes is properly documented, including information on the ability of the obligor to repay and on the valuation of the property;
(e) the requirements set out in Article 208 are met and the valuation rules set out in Article 229(1) are complied with.
For the purposes of point (c), institutions may exclude situations where purely macro-economic factors affect both the value of the property and the performance of the obligor.
From Article 212(2) CRR, life insurance policies pledged as collateral will be considered if it meets certain criteria outlined in the article. These conditions include ,but not limited to, the credit institutions openly being assigned as the beneficiary and the life insurance company being notified of the pledge to the lending institution. Providing the conditions outlined in the article are met, the life insurance is eligble for use as collateral and the lender has a claim to some or all of the death benefit until the loan is repaid.
This identifies that the piece of collateral used is a security, as mapped via the security schema and linked to the collateral schema using the collateral’s security_id property.
This identifies a motor vehicle (such as an automobile, truck, or other types of vehicles) that is pledged by a borrower as collateral to secure a loan. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender has the legal right to seize the vehicle and sell it to recover the outstanding debt.
The Euro Master Agreement - a master agreement for both domestic and cross-border transactions. The EMA should initially cover repurchase agreements as well as securities lending transactions.
https://www.ebf.eu/home/european-master-agreement-ema/
From the ICMA website:
Global Master Repurchase Agreement. Covers SFTs like repos, reverse repos, stock lending etc.
Since the early 1990s ICMA has devoted considerable resources to developing a standard master agreement for repo transactions in conjunction with the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA). The first version of the GMRA was published in 1992 and followed by substantially revised versions in 1995, 2000 and 2011.
ICMA obtains and annually updates opinions from numerous jurisdictions worldwide on the GMRA 1995, 2000 and 2011 versions.
The ERCC recently took a decision to discontinue coverage of the GMRA 1995 in the ICMA GMRA legal opinions from 2019 onwards. For further information contact [email protected]
An ISDA Master Agreement is the standard document regularly used to govern over-the-counter derivatives transactions. The agreement, which is published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), outlines the terms to be applied to a derivatives transaction between two parties, typically a derivatives dealer and a counterparty. The ISDA Master Agreement itself is standard, but it is accompanied by a customized schedule and sometimes a credit support annex, both of which are signed by the two parties in a given transaction.
German variation of ISDA - rahmenvertrag
https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/blogs/2020/11/documenting-benchmark-transition-under-the-german-master-agreement-for-financial-derivatives-transactions
Federation Bancaire Francaise - French variation of ISDA
https://www.fbf.fr/en/fbf-master-agreement-relating-to-transactions-on-forward-financial-instruments-published-on-february-5-2020-last-update-on-june-16-2020/
A curve representing credit risk ratings or scores over time, used for tracking changes in creditworthiness or risk assessment metrics. This type of curve is particularly useful for monitoring credit risk evolution and can include both numerical scores and categorical ratings.
By ‘capitalisation’ we mean a formal arrangement agreed with the borrower to add all or part of a borrower’s arrears to the amount of outstanding principal (i.e. advance of principal including further advances less capital repayments received during the period of the loan) and then treating that amount of overall debt as the enlarged principal. This enlarged principal is then used as the basis for calculating future monthly payments over the remaining term of the loan.
‘Payments due’ means amounts due under normal commercial
terms (and not the lesser amounts which may have been agreed
as part of any temporary arrangement) fully to service the loans:
that is the balances outstanding including insurance, fees and fines etc.
From the Annex of the PS22/19 FCA policy statement:
A “further advance” means a further loan to an existing borrower of
the firm and which is secured on the same property/collateral, whether under a new loan contract, or by variation to an existing loan
contract.
Payments recieved should be limited to regular repayment of
interest, capital and other sundry charges to the loan account,
and should exclude abnormal repayments (e.g. sale proceeds
of property in possession, and large lump sum repayment of
part or all of the outstanding balance). The reasoning behind
this is that excess payments on one or more arrears cases
would otherwise have the effect of compensating for
underpayment on other arrears cases and, as a result, give an
overstated performance measure. Therefore, in compiling
aggregate payment received figures (as part of the payment
performance ratio) the contribution from an individual loan in
arrears should be limited to no more than the ‘payment due’
amount.
This is the amount written off loan balances (and off provisions charged to the income and expenditure account) and is to be on a basis consistent with amounts shown in the firm’s published accounts as ‘written off’ within the analysis of changes in loss provision.
The amount written off may arise for example from:
sale of a property/collateral in possession where there is a shortfall; or
a decision to write down the debt on a loan still on
the books. This may arise where the firm has taken the view
that it is certain that a loss will arise and that it is prudent to write down
the debt rather than carry the full debt and an
offsetting provision. Examples might include certain fraud cases, or where
arrangements have been reached with the borrower to reduce the debt repayable.
The underlying_currency_code is used to reference an additional currency in a derivative transaction.
It is particularly relevant for FX Options.
For example, on a long EURUSD call option the relevant currency fields on the derivative schema would be:
currency_code = “EUR”: the currency bought if the option is exercised
underlying_currency_code = “USD”: the currency sold if the option is exercised
The name of a derivative contract underlying which can be used for all derivative asset classes:
interest rate: a floating rate index: Libor, Euribor, Eonia. The designated maturity for the interest rate index can be entered in the underlying_index_tenor property.
credit: a credit index such as CDX NA Investment Grade, iTraxx Europe
equity: an equity index such as S&P500, FTSE100, EUROSTOXX50, etc.
The underlying_index_tenor refers to the designated maturity of the underlying interest rate used in the underlying_index property for interest rate derivatives. It can be one of the following enums:
The underlying_price is the current price per unit of the underlying Equity or Commodity on the reporting date. It is denominated in the derivative currency_code and can be multiplied by the derivative underlying_quantity.
It represents the number of the relevant underlying quantity (barrels, tons etc...).
Example of a derivative referencing 10 barrels of oil, each with a current price of $125:
The underlying_quantity is the number of underlyings related to the underlying_price or the strike.
It should be populated such that this equality holds true: notional_amount = underlying_quantity * underlying_price.
It is mostly relevant for Equity and Commodity derivatives.
It represents the number of the relevant underlying quantity (barrels, tons etc...).
Example of a derivative referencing 10 barrels of oil, each with a current price of $25:
The value property gives the monetary value of the collateral as determined by the institution. It should be noted that this is not the market value or of the collateral.
While in some cases the market value will be equivalent to the value, for less liquid assets, such as property, the value will be the primary number used for calculation of risk ratios such as loan-to-value.
For reverse mortgages, value is the appraised value, used to derive LTV. Reference OSFI Chapter 4, P115.
For mortgages, value used to derive current LTV. Reference OSFI Chapter 4, P91-92.
The value_date represents the date the product or trade was valued by the institution and should corresond to the mark-to-market amounts for securities and derivatives or value for collateral or other assets where a liquid market does not exist. It is in date-time format in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ).
The version_id is an identifier that can be used to tag data versions or batches with an identifier. The term batch id was not used as many systems have different notions of batches and hence re-use of this term could cause confusion.
The volatility adjustment is an adjustment to the basic risk-free rate that reflects a proportion of the additional return that an insurer may expect to earn from investing in government and corporate bonds, rather than risk-free equivalents.
This is the penalty (normally a fee) incurred by a customer for an early withdrawal on an account. An early withdrawal is defined as a withdrawal prior to the next_withdrawal_date. Monetary type represented as a naturally positive integer number of cents/pence.